Iraq History: Difference between revisions

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==General History==
{|style="float:right; margin-right:030px; background-color:#D9E9C1" " width="20%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" border="1"
|
<center><br>'''Why use histories in your research?'''</center><br>
<center>Learn why on the [[History|History Wiki page]]</center><br>
|}
Iraq, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often called the "cradle of civilization" due to its early development of urban societies. Ancient Iraq was home to several influential empires, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the rise of Islam in the 7th century profoundly influenced Iraq, making it a central part of the Islamic world and leading to the establishment of Baghdad as a major cultural and intellectual hub during the Abbasid Caliphate.
Iraq was ruled by the [[Ottoman Empire Genealogy|Ottoman Empire]] from 1534 to 1920, with a brief period of autonomy under the Mamluk state from 1704 to 1831. During this time, it was made up of three provinces, called vilayets in the Ottoman language: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1920, the [[England Genealogy|British Mandate]] of Mesopotamia was created under the authority of the League of Nations and a British-backed monarchy joined these vilayets into one Kingdom. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from the UK in 1932 and in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq has experienced significant emigration due to military and political conflicts, leading to a large diaspora of Iraqis in [[Germany Emigration and Immigration|Germany]], [[Sweden Emigration and Immigration|Sweden]], the [[United States Emigration and Immigration|USA]], [[Canada Emigration and Immigration|Canada]], and [[Australia Emigration and Immigration|Australia]], particularly in the early 21st century.
Iraq is now home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 37 million citizens are Muslims, with additional small populations of Christians, Yarsans, Yezids and Mandeans. Despite the challenges of colonial rule and subsequent conflicts, Iraq boasts a rich cultural heritage and resilient spirit and is renowned for its historical sites, cultural traditions, literature, music, and art.<ref>"Iraq," Wikipedia, updated 4 December 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq.</ref><ref>''Studies on historical writing in Islamic times'' by Ezzat, Faiza Mohammed. Irbīl, Iraq:Maktab al-Tafsīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr, 2022. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|932100}} دراسات عن الكتابة التأريخية في العصور الأسلامية : عزت ، فائزة محمد</ref><ref>''Al-Battat in the Islamic world and sources of proof: a relative historical study'' by Abu Saeeda, Hussein. Beirut, Lebanon:Muʼassasat al-Balāgh lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2012. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|939971}} آل البطاط في العالم الإسلامي و مصادر الإثبات : دراسة تاريخية نسبية /أبو سعيدة، حسين</ref><ref>''The lives of glorious Kurdish scholars'' by Bahraki, Tahir Mulla Abdullah and Abu Bakr Mulla Tahir. Beirut, Lebanon:Dār Ibn Ḥazm lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2015. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|939985}} حياة الأمجاد من العلماء الأكراد / بحركي، طاهر ملا عبد الله بحركي، المحروس ابو بكر ملا طاهر</ref>
==Timeline==
* '''3500-539 BCE''' Ancient Mesopotamia flourishes with the rise of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, contributing significantly to early human civilization with innovations in writing, law, and architecture.
* '''762 CE''' Baghdad is founded and becomes the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, marking a golden age of Islamic culture, science, and intellectualism.
* '''1534-1920''' Iraq is part of the Ottoman Empire, with a brief period of autonomy under the Mamluk state from 1704 to 1831.
* '''1920-1932''' British mandate period following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.
* '''1932''' Iraq gains independence and becomes the Kingdom of Iraq.
* '''1958''' The Kingdom of Iraq is overthrown, and the Republic of Iraq is established.
* '''2003-2011''' U.S.-led coalition invasion and subsequent occupation, leading to significant waves of emigration of Iraqis to [[Germany Emigration and Immigration|Germany]], [[Sweden Emigration and Immigration|Sweden]], the [[United States Emigration and Immigration|USA]], [[Canada Emigration and Immigration|Canada]], and [[Australia Emigration and Immigration|Australia]].
==Resources==
==Resources==
===Online Resources===
===Online Resources===
Line 31: Line 53:
*''Tārīkh al-ummah al-Armanīyah'' by Astārjiyān, K. A.. al-Mawṣīl:Maṭbaʻat al-Ittiḥād al-Jadīdah, 1951. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco000336 New York University]; History of Armenia.
*''Tārīkh al-ummah al-Armanīyah'' by Astārjiyān, K. A.. al-Mawṣīl:Maṭbaʻat al-Ittiḥād al-Jadīdah, 1951. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco000336 New York University]; History of Armenia.
**.تاريخ الأمة الأرمنية .ك. ا. استارجيان الموصل:مطبعة الإتحاد الجديدة،1951,
**.تاريخ الأمة الأرمنية .ك. ا. استارجيان الموصل:مطبعة الإتحاد الجديدة،1951,
===Print Publications===
==History==
Iraq, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often called the "cradle of civilization" due to its early development of urban societies. Ancient Iraq was home to several influential empires, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the rise of Islam in the 7th century profoundly influenced Iraq, making it a central part of the Islamic world and leading to the establishment of Baghdad as a major cultural and intellectual hub during the Abbasid Caliphate.
Iraq was ruled by the [[Ottoman Empire Genealogy|Ottoman Empire]] from 1534 to 1920, with a brief period of autonomy under the Mamluk state from 1704 to 1831. During this time, it was made up of three provinces, called vilayets in the Ottoman language: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1920, the [[England Genealogy|British Mandate]] of Mesopotamia was created under the authority of the League of Nations and a British-backed monarchy joined these vilayets into one Kingdom. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from the UK in 1932 and in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq has experienced significant emigration due to military and political conflicts, leading to a large diaspora of Iraqis in [[Germany Emigration and Immigration|Germany]], [[Sweden Emigration and Immigration|Sweden]], the [[United States Emigration and Immigration|USA]], [[Canada Emigration and Immigration|Canada]], and [[Australia Emigration and Immigration|Australia]], particularly in the early 21st century.
Iraq is now home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 37 million citizens are Muslims, with additional small populations of Christians, Yarsans, Yezids and Mandeans. Despite the challenges of colonial rule and subsequent conflicts, Iraq boasts a rich cultural heritage and resilient spirit and is renowned for its historical sites, cultural traditions, literature, music, and art.<ref>"Iraq," Wikipedia, updated 4 December 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq.</ref><ref>''Studies on historical writing in Islamic times'' by Ezzat, Faiza Mohammed. Irbīl, Iraq:Maktab al-Tafsīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr, 2022. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|932100}} دراسات عن الكتابة التأريخية في العصور الأسلامية : عزت ، فائزة محمد</ref><ref>''Al-Battat in the Islamic world and sources of proof: a relative historical study'' by Abu Saeeda, Hussein. Beirut, Lebanon:Muʼassasat al-Balāgh lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2012. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|939971}} آل البطاط في العالم الإسلامي و مصادر الإثبات : دراسة تاريخية نسبية /أبو سعيدة، حسين</ref><ref>''The lives of glorious Kurdish scholars'' by Bahraki, Tahir Mulla Abdullah and Abu Bakr Mulla Tahir. Beirut, Lebanon:Dār Ibn Ḥazm lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2015. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|939985}} حياة الأمجاد من العلماء الأكراد / بحركي، طاهر ملا عبد الله بحركي، المحروس ابو بكر ملا طاهر</ref>
==Timeline==
* '''3500-539 BCE''' Ancient Mesopotamia flourishes with the rise of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, contributing significantly to early human civilization with innovations in writing, law, and architecture.
* '''762 CE''' Baghdad is founded and becomes the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, marking a golden age of Islamic culture, science, and intellectualism.
* '''1534-1920''' Iraq is part of the Ottoman Empire, with a brief period of autonomy under the Mamluk state from 1704 to 1831.
* '''1920-1932''' British mandate period following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.
* '''1932''' Iraq gains independence and becomes the Kingdom of Iraq.
* '''1958''' The Kingdom of Iraq is overthrown, and the Republic of Iraq is established.
* '''2003-2011''' U.S.-led coalition invasion and subsequent occupation, leading to significant waves of emigration of Iraqis to [[Germany Emigration and Immigration|Germany]], [[Sweden Emigration and Immigration|Sweden]], the [[United States Emigration and Immigration|USA]], [[Canada Emigration and Immigration|Canada]], and [[Australia Emigration and Immigration|Australia]].
==Strategy==
Why use histories in your research?<br>
*Learn why on the [[History|History Wiki page]]


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Histories]][[Category:Iraq]]
[[Category:Histories]][[Category:Iraq]]

Revision as of 15:11, 10 June 2025

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General History[edit | edit source]


Why use histories in your research?

Learn why on the History Wiki page

Iraq, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often called the "cradle of civilization" due to its early development of urban societies. Ancient Iraq was home to several influential empires, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the rise of Islam in the 7th century profoundly influenced Iraq, making it a central part of the Islamic world and leading to the establishment of Baghdad as a major cultural and intellectual hub during the Abbasid Caliphate.

Iraq was ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1534 to 1920, with a brief period of autonomy under the Mamluk state from 1704 to 1831. During this time, it was made up of three provinces, called vilayets in the Ottoman language: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1920, the British Mandate of Mesopotamia was created under the authority of the League of Nations and a British-backed monarchy joined these vilayets into one Kingdom. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from the UK in 1932 and in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq has experienced significant emigration due to military and political conflicts, leading to a large diaspora of Iraqis in Germany, Sweden, the USA, Canada, and Australia, particularly in the early 21st century.

Iraq is now home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 37 million citizens are Muslims, with additional small populations of Christians, Yarsans, Yezids and Mandeans. Despite the challenges of colonial rule and subsequent conflicts, Iraq boasts a rich cultural heritage and resilient spirit and is renowned for its historical sites, cultural traditions, literature, music, and art.[1][2][3][4]

Timeline[edit | edit source]

  • 3500-539 BCE Ancient Mesopotamia flourishes with the rise of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, contributing significantly to early human civilization with innovations in writing, law, and architecture.
  • 762 CE Baghdad is founded and becomes the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, marking a golden age of Islamic culture, science, and intellectualism.
  • 1534-1920 Iraq is part of the Ottoman Empire, with a brief period of autonomy under the Mamluk state from 1704 to 1831.
  • 1920-1932 British mandate period following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.
  • 1932 Iraq gains independence and becomes the Kingdom of Iraq.
  • 1958 The Kingdom of Iraq is overthrown, and the Republic of Iraq is established.
  • 2003-2011 U.S.-led coalition invasion and subsequent occupation, leading to significant waves of emigration of Iraqis to Germany, Sweden, the USA, Canada, and Australia.

Resources[edit | edit source]

Online Resources[edit | edit source]

  • Ṣafḥah min tārīkh al-ʻIrāq̣ al-ḥadīth min sanat 1914 ilá sanat 1926 by Cox, Percy. Mawṣil:Maṭbaʻat al-Ittiḥād al-Jadīdah, 1951?. Online at: New York University; History of Iraq in the early 20th century.
    • .صفحة من تاريخ العراق الحديث من سنة 1914 إلى سنة 1926 .برسي كوكس موصل:مطبعة الاتحاد الجديدة، ,1951?
  • Muqaddimat tārīkh al-ʻArab al-ḥadīth 1500-1918 by Gharāybah, ʻAbd al-Karīm Maḥmūd. Dimashq:Maṭbaʻat Jāmiʻat Dimashq, 1960. Online at: New York University; Modern history of the Arabs, with focus on Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.
    • .1918-1500 مقدمة تاريخ العرب الحديث .عبد الكريم محمود الغرايبة دمشق:مطبعة جامعة دمشق،, 1960
  • Tārīkh al-Sulaymānīyah by Zakī, Muḥammad Amīn. Baghdād:Sharikat al-Nashr wa-al-Ṭibāʻah al-ʻIrāqīyah al-Maḥdūdah, 1951. Online at: New York University; History and military campaigns.
    • .تاريخ السليمانية .محمد أمين زكي بغداد:شركة النشر والطباعة العراقية المحدودة،, 1951
  • Arbaʻat qurūn min tārīkh al-ʻIrāq al-ḥadīth by Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley. Baghdād:Maṭbaʻat al-Tafayyuḍ al-Ahlīyah, 1941. Online at: New York University; Economic, military, social, and political history of early 20th century Iraq, written by a British military governor and petroleum company manager.
    • .أربعة قرون من تاريخ العراق الحديث .ستيفن هيمسلي لونكريك بغداد:مطبعة التفيض الأهلية،, 1941
  • Tārīkh al-duwal wa-al-imārāt al-Kurdīyah fī al-ʻahd al-Islāmī by Zakī, Muḥammad Amīn. Miṣr:Maṭbaʻat al-Saʻādah, 1945. Online at: New York University; History of Kurdish states.
    • .تاريخ الدول والإمارات الكردية في العهد الإسلامي .محمد أمين زكي مصر:مطبعة السعادة،, ‪1945
  • Khamsah wa-khamsūn ʻāman min tārīkh al-ʻIrāq 1188-1242 H by Ibn Sanad al-Baṣrī, ʻUthmān. al-Qāhirah:al-Maṭbaʻah al-Salafīyah, 1951. Online at: New York University; History of Iraq from approximately 1744-1826.
    • .خمسة وخمسون عاماً من تاريخ العراق 1188-1242 هـ .عثمان ابن سند البصري القاهرة:المطبعة السلفية،, 1951
  • Ḥarb al-ʻIrāq, 1914-1918 by Nadīm, Shukrī Maḥmūd. Baghdād:Sharikat al-Nibrās lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1964. Online at: New York University; World War I Campaigns in Iraq.
    • .1918-1914 حرب العراق، .شكري محمود نديم النشر: [بغداد]:شركة النبراس للنشر والتوزيع،, 1964
  • Tārīkh al-ummah al-Armanīyah by Astārjiyān, K. A.. al-Mawṣīl:Maṭbaʻat al-Ittiḥād al-Jadīdah, 1951. Online at: New York University; History of Armenia.
    • .تاريخ الأمة الأرمنية .ك. ا. استارجيان الموصل:مطبعة الإتحاد الجديدة،1951,

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ "Iraq," Wikipedia, updated 4 December 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq.
  2. ↑ Studies on historical writing in Islamic times by Ezzat, Faiza Mohammed. Irbīl, Iraq:Maktab al-Tafsīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr, 2022. Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library دراسات عن الكتابة التأريخية في العصور الأسلامية : عزت ، فائزة محمد
  3. ↑ Al-Battat in the Islamic world and sources of proof: a relative historical study by Abu Saeeda, Hussein. Beirut, Lebanon:Muʼassasat al-Balāgh lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2012. Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library آل البطاط في العالم الإسلامي و مصادر الإثبات : دراسة تاريخية نسبية /أبو سعيدة، حسين
  4. ↑ The lives of glorious Kurdish scholars by Bahraki, Tahir Mulla Abdullah and Abu Bakr Mulla Tahir. Beirut, Lebanon:Dār Ibn Ḥazm lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2015. Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library حياة الأمجاد من العلماء الأكراد / بحركي، طاهر ملا عبد الله بحركي، المحروس ابو بكر ملا طاهر
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