Iraq History: Difference between revisions

Iraq History (view source)

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-==Online Resources==
+==General History==
-[https://en.geneanet.org/fonds/?id_filter_block=search-filter-geo&loc_1=IRQ&page=4&size=10 Geneanet] - A French genealogical society with 48 historical books about Iraq. The books have been digitized but a paid subscription is required to access them.
-==History==
-Iraq is home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 37 million citizens are Muslims, with Christianity, Yarsan, Yezidism and Mandeanism also present. The official languages of Iraq are Arabic and Kurdish.
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-The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often referred to as the cradle of civilisation. It was here that mankind first began to read, write, create laws and live in cities under an organised government—notably Uruk, from which "Iraq" is derived.
+Iraq, historically known as Mesopotamia, is often called the "cradle of civilization" due to its early development of urban societies. Ancient Iraq was home to several influential empires, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. After the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the rise of Islam in the 7th century profoundly influenced Iraq, making it a central part of the Islamic world and leading to the establishment of Baghdad as a major cultural and intellectual hub during the Abbasid Caliphate.
-The country today known as Iraq was a region of the Ottoman Empire until the partition of the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century. It was made up of three provinces, called vilayets in the Ottoman language: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. In April 1920 the British Mandate of Mesopotamia was created under the authority of the League of Nations. A British-backed monarchy joining these vilayets into one Kingdom was established in 1921.
+Iraq was ruled by the [[Ottoman Empire Genealogy|Ottoman Empire]] from 1534 to 1920, with a brief period of autonomy under the Mamluk state from 1704 to 1831. During this time, it was made up of three provinces, called vilayets in the Ottoman language: Mosul Vilayet, Baghdad Vilayet, and Basra Vilayet. Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in 1920, the [[England Genealogy|British Mandate]] of Mesopotamia was created under the authority of the League of Nations and a British-backed monarchy joined these vilayets into one Kingdom. The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from the UK in 1932 and in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq has experienced significant emigration due to military and political conflicts, leading to a large diaspora of Iraqis in [[Germany Emigration and Immigration|Germany]], [[Sweden Emigration and Immigration|Sweden]], the [[United States Emigration and Immigration|USA]], [[Canada Emigration and Immigration|Canada]], and [[Australia Emigration and Immigration|Australia]], particularly in the early 21st century.
-The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq gained independence from the UK in 1932 and in 1958, the monarchy was overthrown and the Iraqi Republic created. Iraq was controlled by the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party from 1968 until 2003. After an invasion by the United States and its allies in 2003, Saddam Hussein's Ba'ath Party was removed from power, and multi-party parliamentary elections were held in 2005. The US presence in Iraq ended in 2011, but the Iraqi insurgency continued and intensified as fighters from the Syrian Civil War spilled into the country.
+Iraq is now home to diverse ethnic groups including Arabs, Kurds, Assyrians, Turkmen, Shabakis, Yazidis, Armenians, Mandeans, Circassians and Kawliya. Around 95% of the country's 37 million citizens are Muslims, with additional small populations of Christians, Yarsans, Yezids and Mandeans. Despite the challenges of colonial rule and subsequent conflicts, Iraq boasts a rich cultural heritage and resilient spirit and is renowned for its historical sites, cultural traditions, literature, music, and art.<ref>"Iraq," Wikipedia, updated 4 December 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq.</ref><ref>''Studies on historical writing in Islamic times'' by Ezzat, Faiza Mohammed. Irbīl, Iraq:Maktab al-Tafsīr lil-Ṭabʻ wa-al-Nashr, 2022. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|932100}} دراسات عن الكتابة التأريخية في العصور الأسلامية : عزت ، فائزة محمد</ref><ref>''Al-Battat in the Islamic world and sources of proof: a relative historical study'' by Abu Saeeda, Hussein. Beirut, Lebanon:Muʼassasat al-Balāgh lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2012. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|939971}} آل البطاط في العالم الإسلامي و مصادر الإثبات : دراسة تاريخية نسبية /أبو سعيدة، حسين</ref><ref>''The lives of glorious Kurdish scholars'' by Bahraki, Tahir Mulla Abdullah and Abu Bakr Mulla Tahir. Beirut, Lebanon:Dār Ibn Ḥazm lil-Ṭibāʻah wa-al-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2015. '''''Online at:''''' {{FSDL|939985}} حياة الأمجاد من العلماء الأكراد / بحركي، طاهر ملا عبد الله بحركي، المحروس ابو بكر ملا طاهر</ref>
-Out of the insurgency came a highly destructive group calling itself ISIL, which took large parts of the north and west. It has since been largely defeated. Disputes over the sovereignty of Iraqi Kurdistan continue. A referendum about the full sovereignty of Iraqi Kurdistan was held on 25 September 2017. On 9 December 2017, the Iraqi Prime Minister declared victory over ISIL after the group lost its territory in Iraq.
-<br>
-[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq]
 ==Timeline==
-- Hulagu Khan amassed an unusually large army, and besieged Baghdad, sacked the city and massacred many of the inhabitants estimates of the number of dead range from 200,000 to a million<br>
-- Owing to the century long Turco-Iranian rivalry between the Safavids and the neighbouring Ottoman Turks, Iraq would be contested between the two for more than a hundred years during the frequent Ottoman-Persian Wars<br>
-- 1918 Throughout most of the period of Ottoman rule, the territory of present-day Iraq was a battle zone between the rival regional empires and tribal alliances<br>
--  British forces captured Baghdad, and defeated the Ottomans<br>
-- The institution of slavery was not abolished until then<br>
-- Britain granted independence to the Kingdom of Iraq<br>
-- The Iranian Revolution took place. Following months of cross-border raids between the two countries, Saddam declared war on Iran in September 1980. In the final stages of the Iran–Iraq War,there was a genocidal campaign that targeted Iraqi Kurds and led to the killing of 50,000–100,000 civilians<br>
-–2017 Iraqi Civil War and tens of thousands of civilians have been killed in Iraq in ISIL-linked violence<br>
-- Anti-American cleric Muqtada al-Sadr's political coalition won Iraq's parliamentary election<br>
+* '''3500-539 BCE''' Ancient Mesopotamia flourishes with the rise of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, and Assyrian empires, contributing significantly to early human civilization with innovations in writing, law, and architecture.
+* '''762 CE''' Baghdad is founded and becomes the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate, marking a golden age of Islamic culture, science, and intellectualism.
+* '''1534-1920''' Iraq is part of the Ottoman Empire, with a brief period of autonomy under the Mamluk state from 1704 to 1831.
+* '''1920-1932''' British mandate period following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.
+* '''1932''' Iraq gains independence and becomes the Kingdom of Iraq.
+* '''1958''' The Kingdom of Iraq is overthrown, and the Republic of Iraq is established.
+* '''2003-2011''' U.S.-led coalition invasion and subsequent occupation, leading to significant waves of emigration of Iraqis to [[Germany Emigration and Immigration|Germany]], [[Sweden Emigration and Immigration|Sweden]], the [[United States Emigration and Immigration|USA]], [[Canada Emigration and Immigration|Canada]], and [[Australia Emigration and Immigration|Australia]].
+==Resources==
+===Online Resources===
+*''Ṣafḥah min tārīkh al-ʻIrāq̣ al-ḥadīth min sanat 1914 ilá sanat 1926'' by Cox, Percy. Mawṣil:Maṭbaʻat al-Ittiḥād al-Jadīdah, 1951?. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/nyu_aco001285 New York University]; History of Iraq in the early 20th century.
+**.صفحة من تاريخ العراق الحديث من سنة 1914 إلى سنة 1926 .برسي كوكس موصل:مطبعة الاتحاد الجديدة، ,1951?
+*''Muqaddimat tārīkh al-ʻArab al-ḥadīth 1500-1918'' by Gharāybah, ʻAbd al-Karīm Maḥmūd. Dimashq:Maṭbaʻat Jāmiʻat Dimashq, 1960. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/nyu_aco001050 New York University]; Modern history of the Arabs, with focus on Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.
+**.1918-1500 مقدمة تاريخ العرب الحديث .عبد الكريم محمود الغرايبة دمشق:مطبعة جامعة دمشق،, 1960
+*''Tārīkh al-Sulaymānīyah'' by Zakī, Muḥammad Amīn. Baghdād:Sharikat al-Nashr wa-al-Ṭibāʻah al-ʻIrāqīyah al-Maḥdūdah, 1951. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001666 New York University]; History and military campaigns.
+**.تاريخ السليمانية .محمد أمين زكي بغداد:شركة النشر والطباعة العراقية المحدودة،, 1951
+*''Arbaʻat qurūn min tārīkh al-ʻIrāq al-ḥadīth'' by Longrigg, Stephen Hemsley. Baghdād:Maṭbaʻat al-Tafayyuḍ al-Ahlīyah, 1941. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco001669 New York University]; Economic, military, social, and political history of early 20th century Iraq, written'' by a British military governor and petroleum company manager.
+**.أربعة قرون من تاريخ العراق الحديث .ستيفن هيمسلي لونكريك بغداد:مطبعة التفيض الأهلية،, 1941
+*''Tārīkh al-duwal wa-al-imārāt al-Kurdīyah fī al-ʻahd al-Islāmī'' by Zakī, Muḥammad Amīn. Miṣr:Maṭbaʻat al-Saʻādah, 1945. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/auc_aco000386 New York University]; History of Kurdish states.
+**.تاريخ الدول والإمارات الكردية في العهد الإسلامي .محمد أمين زكي مصر:مطبعة السعادة،, ‪1945
+*''Khamsah wa-khamsūn ʻāman min tārīkh al-ʻIrāq 1188-1242 H'' by Ibn Sanad al-Baṣrī, ʻUthmān. al-Qāhirah:al-Maṭbaʻah al-Salafīyah, 1951. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/columbia_aco000993 New York University]; History of Iraq from approximately 1744-1826.
+**.خمسة وخمسون عاماً من تاريخ العراق 1188-1242 هـ .عثمان ابن سند البصري القاهرة:المطبعة السلفية،, 1951
+*''Ḥarb al-ʻIrāq, 1914-1918'' by Nadīm, Shukrī Maḥmūd. Baghdād:Sharikat al-Nibrās lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 1964. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/columbia_aco001161 New York University]; World War I Campaigns in Iraq.
+**.1918-1914 حرب العراق، .شكري محمود نديم النشر: [بغداد]:شركة النبراس للنشر والتوزيع،, 1964
+*''Tārīkh al-ummah al-Armanīyah'' by Astārjiyān, K. A.. al-Mawṣīl:Maṭbaʻat al-Ittiḥād al-Jadīdah, 1951. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/aub_aco000336 New York University]; History of Armenia.
+**.تاريخ الأمة الأرمنية .ك. ا. استارجيان الموصل:مطبعة الإتحاد الجديدة،1951,
+== References ==
 [[Category:Histories]][[Category:Iraq]]