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== Online Resources ==
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*''[[United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records|United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records]]'' - has links to all nationwide databases and U.S. ports of entry<br>
===Passenger Lists===
*'''1500s-1900s''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/7486/?arrival=_virginia-usa_49&count=50 All U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s] at Ancestry - index only ($); ''Also at [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10017/passenger-immigration-lists-1500-1900?s=1&formId=pili&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.Virginia+epmo.similar MyHeritage]''; index only ($); includes those with Destination of Virginia
*'''1600-1700''' [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Original_Lists_of_Persons_of_Quality.html?id=B414AAAAMAAJ The Original Lists of Persons of Quality]; e-book. Also at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2065 Ancestry], indexed ($);
*'''1904-1963''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=9128 Virginia, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1904-1963] at Ancestry - index & images ($)
*'''1946-1957''' {{RecordSearch|2376891|Virginia, Alexandria Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels, 1946-1957}} at FamilySearch - [[Virginia, Alexandria Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images
*[https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=1gEPDH-Y5EEmL_78yhM2a4zc81C6_yVU&ll=38.96512290561401%2C-78.43802866653527&z=7 World Passenger Lists Map]


=== Introduction ===
The original European settlers came in the early 17th century from the midland and southern counties of [[England Genealogy|England]].<ref>David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). {{FHL|593285|item|disp=FHL Book 973 H2fis}}.</ref> They first settled in [[Virginia Genealogy|Virginia]]'s tidewater (coastal plain). Many colonists had connections to [[Barbados Genealogy|Barbados]].<ref>David L. Kent, ''Barbados and America'' (Arlington, Va.: C.M. Kent, 1980). {{FHL|316574|item|disp=FHL Book 972.981 X2b}}.</ref> The earliest Africans to Barbados was in 1619. Starting in 1680, large numbers of Africans were captured and brought as slaves to Barbados. It has been estimated that 75% of white colonists arrived in bondage as indentured servants or transported convicts.<ref>Wesley Frank Craven, ''White, Red, and Black: The Seventeenth-Century Virginian'' (Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1971).</ref> Small landholders moved westward to the Piedmont, where they were joined by a new wave of English and [[Scotland|Scottish]] immigrants.


In the early 1700s, [[France|French]] Huguenots arrived, followed by [[Germany|German]] workers imported between 1714 and 1717 to work iron furnaces in the Piedmont area. During the 1730s and 1740s, a large number of settlers of [[Northern Ireland|Ulster Scot]] and German descent moved southward from [[Pennsylvania Genealogy|Pennsylvania]] down the Allegheny Ridges into the Shenandoah Valley.


Beginning in the late 18th century, Virginia lost many residents as families moved westward to new states and territories. There was very little foreign immigration to Virginia after 1800.


=== Online Resources ===
===Databases of Emigrants and Immigrants===
*'''1623-1666''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2063 Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666] at Ancestry - index only ($)
*'''1607-1776''' [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html The Complete Book of Emigrants: 1607-1776] at Virtual Jamestown
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10119/immigrant-ships-transcribers-guild Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild] at MyHeritage - index only ($)


*American Colonists in English Records online at [https://books.familysearch.org/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?fn=search&ct=search&mode=Basic&tab=default_tab&indx=1&dum=true&srt=rank&vid=FHD_PUBLIC&frbg=&vl%28freeText0%29=American+Colonists+in+English+Records FamilySearch Books]
===Emigrant and Immigrant Collections - Published===
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=B414AAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false The Original Lists of Persons of Quality: Emigrants; Religious Exiles; Political Rebels; Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years; Apprentices; Children Stolen; Maidens Pressed; and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700, with Their Ages, the Localities Where They Formerly Lived in the Mother Country, the Names of the Ships in which They Embarked, and Other Interesting Particulars; from MSS. Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, England], e-book
*'''1600-1700'''  ''Omitted Chapters from Hotten's Original Lists of Persons of Quality ... and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700'' By James C. Brandow. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company: 1982. '''''Online at:''''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49280 at Ancestry ($)]
*[[Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Virginians_in_English_archives|Gleanings in England, Virginians in English archives]] links chart
*'''1623-1666''' ''Early Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666.'' By George Cabell Greer. Richmond, Va.: W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912.'''''Online at:''''' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002004779634&view=1up&seq=7  Hathitrust]; [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48437 Ancestry ($)
*[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48437 Early Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666], ($), index/images
*'''1690-1811''' ''A List of Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811.'' By Gerald Fothergill London: Elliot Stock, 1904 '''''Online at:''''' [www.familysearch.org/library/books/idurl/1/447982 FamilySearch Digital Library]
*[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2063 Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666], ($).
*'''1902-1948''' [[Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Virginians_in_English_archives|Gleanings in England, Virginians in English archives]]
*[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=9128 Virginia, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1904-1963], ($), index
*''Some Emigrants to Virginia: Memoranda in Regard to Several Hundred Emigrants to Virginia During the Colonial Period Whose Parentage is Shown or Former Residence Indicated by Authentic Records.'' By William Glover Stanard.  Richmond, Virginia: W.G. Stanard, 1911. '''''Online at:''''' [[https://archive.org/details/someemigrantstov00stan Internet Archive]
*[https://familysearch.org/search/collection/2376891 Virginia, Alexandria Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels, 1946-1957]


{{ImmDCleft}}<br><br><br><br><br>
===Enslaved People===
*[[African American Resources for Virginia|African American Resources for Virginia]]
*'''1698-1807''' ''Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America 1698-1807.'' By David Richardson. Oxford: Bristol Record Society, 1986-96. '''''Online at:''''' [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Bristol%2C+Africa+and+the+Eighteenth+Century+Slave+Trade+to+America. Internet Archive, Vol. 1-4]
*'''1736-1803''' [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/exist/runaways/xquery.xsp The Geography of Slavery Project] at Geography of Slavery - Ads for runaway slaves and indentured servants
*[http://www.slavevoyages.org/ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database] at Slave Voyages


===Indentured Servants===
*'''1654-1686''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49090 The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686''], at Ancestry ($), indexed.
*'''1654-1686''' [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654 - 1686] at Virtual Jamestown
*[https://immigrant.pricegen.com/search/simple.php Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants: American and English Sources] at PriceGen
===Cultural Groups===
*'''1714-1730s''' [http://germannafamily.org/ Original Germanna Settlers, 1714-1730s] at Germanna Foundation
*'''1812''' ''British Aliens in the United States During the War of 1812.''  Compiled by Kenneth Scott. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979. '''''Online at:''''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/49091/ Ancestry ($)]
*'''1920-1939''' [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10924/germany-bremen-emigration-lists-1920-1939 Germany, Bremen Emigration Lists, 1920-1939] at MyHeritage - index only ($)
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10019/germans-immigrating-to-the-united-states Germans Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($)
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10030/italians-immigrating-to-the-united-states Italians Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($)
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10029/russians-immigrating-to-the-united-states Russians Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($); includes those with Destination of Virginia
<br>
=== Passport Records Online  ===
*'''1795-1925''' {{RecordSearch|2185145|United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925}} at FamilySearch — index & images - [[United States, Passport Applications - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]
*'''1795-1925''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1174 U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925] Index and images, at Ancestry ($)
==How to Find the Records==
===Offices to Contact===
Although many records are included in the online records listed above, there are other records available through these archives and offices. For example, there are many minor ports that have not yet been digitized. There are also records for more recent time periods. For privacy reasons, some records can only be accessed after providing proof that your ancestor is now deceased.
====National Archives and Records Administration====
*The [https://www.archives.gov/research/immigration/overview '''National Archives (NARA)'''] has immigration records for arrivals to the United States from foreign ports between approximately 1820 and 1982. The records are arranged by [https://www.archives.gov/research/immigration/overview '''Port of Arrival (See Part 5).''']
:*You may do research in immigration records in person at the National Archives Building, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20408-0001. 
*Some [https://www.archives.gov/locations '''National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) regional facilities'''] have selected immigration records; call to verify their availability or check the online Microfilm Catalog.
*Libraries with large genealogical collections, such as the [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog '''FamilySearch Library in Salt Lake City, Utah'''] and the [https://acpl-cms.wise.oclc.org/genealogy '''Allen County Piblic Library'''] also have selected NARA microfilm publications.
:*Order copies of passenger arrival records with [https://www.archives.gov/files/forms/pdf/natf-81.pdf '''NATF Form 81'''.]
=====Virginia Port Records at the NARA=====
The FamilySearch Library and the National Archives also have incomplete passenger lists for the following ports.
*Alexandria, 1820-1865 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*East River, 1830 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Hampton, 1820-1821 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Norfolk and Portsmouth, 1820-1857 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Petersburg, 1820-1821 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Richmond, 1820-1844 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
====USCIS Genealogy Program====
The [https://www.uscis.gov/records/genealogy '''U.S. Citizenship and and Immigration Services Genealogy Program'''] is a fee-for-service program that provides researchers with timely access to historical immigration and naturalization records of deceased immigrants. If the immigrant was born less than 100 years ago, you will also need to provide proof of his/her death.
=====Immigration Records Available=====
*[https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/historical-record-series/a-files-numbered-below-8-million '''A-Files:'''] Immigrant Files, (A-Files) are the individual alien case files, which became the official file for all immigration records created or consolidated since April 1, 1944.
*[https://www.uscis.gov/records/genealogy/historical-record-series/alien-registration-forms-on-microfilm-1940-1944 '''Alien Registration Forms (AR-2s):'''] Alien Registration Forms (Form AR-2) are copies of approximately 5.5 million Alien Registration Forms completed by all aliens age 14 and older, residing in or entering the United States between August 1, 1940 and March 31, 1944.
*[https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/historical-record-series/registry-files-march-2-1929-march-31-1944''' Registry Files:'''] Registry Files are records, which document the creation of immigrant arrival records for persons who entered the United States prior to July 1, 1924, and for whom no arrival record could later be found.
*[https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/historical-record-series/visa-files-july-1-1924-march-31-1944'''Visa Files:'''] Visa Files are original arrival records of immigrants admitted for permanent residence under provisions of the Immigration Act of 1924.<ref>"Genealogy", at USCIS, https://www.uscis.gov/records/genealogy, accessed 26 March 2021.</ref>
=====Requesting a Record=====
*[https://genealogy.uscis.dhs.gov/ '''Web Request Page'''] allows you to request a records, pay fees, and upload supporting documents (proof of death).
*[https://www.uscis.gov/records/genealogy/genealogical-records-help/record-requests-frequently-asked-questions '''Record Requests Frequently Asked Questions''']
==== Virginia Colonial Records Project at LVA====
The Virginia Colonial Records Project at the [[Library of Virginia|Library of Virginia (LVA)]] can help Americans trace their European immigrant origins. Scholars visited United Kingdom and other European archives searching for references to colonial-era Virginians. Their 14,704 records survey reports contain half a million names of persons and ships which are searchable at the Library's web site. They also microfilmed about two-thirds of the records they located. The 963 reels of microfilm are held at the Library of Virginia and are available for interlibrary loan. The Library's [http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/opac/vcrpabout.htm About the Virginia Colonial Records Project] provides more information.
====Virtual Jamestown====
The [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/page2.html '''Virtual Jamestown Archive'''] is a digital research, teaching and learning project that explores the legacies of the Jamestown settlement and "the Virginia experiment."
*[http://www.virtualjamestown.org/reference.html Reference Center]
*'''1654-1686''' [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Search the Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654 - 1686]
*'''1736-1803''' [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/exist/runaways/xquery.xsp The Geography of Slavery] The Geography of Slavery project contains more than 4000 advertisements for runaway slaves and indentured servants, drawn from newspapers in Virginia and Maryland, covering the years from 1736 through 1803.
====Germanna Foundation Library====
*[https://germanna.org/ Germanna Foundation Library]
:*[https://germanna.org/things-to-do/research-your-germanna-roots/ Original Germanna Settlers, 1714-1730s]
==Finding Town of Origin==
Records in the countries emigrated from are kept on the local level. You must first identify the '''name of the town''' where your ancestors lived to access those records. If you do not yet know the name of the town of your ancestor's birth, there are well-known strategies for a thorough hunt for it.
*[[U. S. Immigration Records: Finding the Town of Origin|'''U. S. Immigration Records: Finding the Town of Origin''']]
== Background ==
*The original European settlers came in the early 17th century from the midland and southern counties of [[England Genealogy|England]].<ref>David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). {{FSC|593285|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 H2fis}}.</ref> They first settled in [[Virginia, United States Genealogy|Virginia]]'s tidewater (coastal plain).
*Many colonists had connections to [[Barbados Genealogy|Barbados]].<ref>David L. Kent, ''Barbados and America'' (Arlington, Va.: C.M. Kent, 1980). {{FSC|316574|item|disp=FS Library Book 972.981 X2b}}.</ref> The earliest Africans to Barbados came in 1619. Starting in 1680, large numbers of Africans were captured and brought as slaves to Barbados.
*It has been estimated that 75% of white colonists arrived in bondage as indentured servants or transported convicts.<ref>Wesley Frank Craven, ''White, Red, and Black: The Seventeenth-Century Virginian'' (Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1971).</ref>
*Small landholders moved westward to the Piedmont, where they were joined by a new wave of English and [[Scotland|Scottish]] immigrants.
*In the early 1700s, [[France|French]] Huguenots arrived. Their settlement, in [[King William Parish, Virginia|King William Parish]], near Richmond on the James River, was known as Manakin Town.<ref>"Manakin Town: The French Huguenot Settlement in Virginia 1700-ca. 1750," ''National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox. Becoming American: The British Atlantic Colonies, 1690-1763,'' http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/growth/text4/frenchvirginia.pdf, accessed 23 June 2012.</ref> They and many of their descendants lived in [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico]], [[Goochland County, Virginia|Goochland]], [[Cumberland County, Virginia|Cumberland]], and [[Powhatan County, Virginia|Powhatan]] counties.
*[[Germany|German]] workers were imported between 1714 and 1717 to work iron furnaces in the Piedmont area.
*A group of Germans created a settlement called Germanna in early eighteenth-century Virginia. '''[[Germanna Foundation]]''' maintains a visitor's center with genealogical library. They work to promote historic preservation as well as family history information and research.
*During the 1730s and 1740s, a large number of settlers of [[Northern Ireland|Ulster Scot]] and German descent moved southward from [[Pennsylvania Genealogy|Pennsylvania]] down the Allegheny Ridges into the Shenandoah Valley.


== Overseas Immigration  ==


=== Colonial Ports  ===
[[Image:Ports.png|thumb|left|600px]]
[[Image:Ports.png|thumb|left|600px]]


==Immigration Records==
'''Immigration''' refers to people coming into a country. '''Emigration''' refers to people leaving a country to go to another.  Immigration records usually take the form of ship's '''passenger lists''' collected at the port of entry. See [[Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Online Resources|'''Online Resources'''.]]
===What can I find in them?===
====[[Virginia Emigration and Immigration #Online Resources|Information in Passenger Lists]]====
*'''Before 1820''' - Passenger lists before 1820 included '''name, departure information and arrival details'''.  The names of wives and children were often not included. 
*'''1820-1891''' - Customs Passenger Lists between 1820 and 1891 asked for '''each immigrant’s name, their age, their sex, their occupation, and their country of origin''', but not the city or town of origin.
*'''1891-1954''' - Information given on passenger lists from 1891 to 1954 included:
**name, age, sex,
**nationality, occupation, marital status,
**last residence, final destination in the U.S.,
**whether they had been to the U.S. before (and if so, when, where and how long),
**if joining a relative, who this person was, where they lived, and their relationship,
**whether able to read and write,
**whether in possession of a train ticket to their final destination, who paid for the passage,
**amount of money the immigrant had in their possession,
**whether the passenger had ever been in prison, a poorhouse, or in an institution for the insane,
**whether the passenger was a polygamist,
**and immigrant's state of health.
*'''1906--'''  - In 1906, the '''physical description and place of birth''' were included, and a year later, the '''name and address of the passenger’s closest living relative in the country of origin''' was included.
====[[Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Passport Records Online|Information in Passports]]  ====
Over the years, passports and passport applications contained different amounts of information about the passport applicant. The first passports that are available begin in 1795. These usually contained the individual's name, description of individual, and age. More information was required on later passport applications, such as:
*Birthplace 
*Birth date
*Naturalization information
*Arrival information, if foreign born


<div style="width: 100%; float: left">
== In-Country Immigration  ==
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" border="0"
Many settlers from [[Maryland Genealogy|Maryland]] and [[Pennsylvania Genealogy|Pennsylvania]] migrated down into Virginia during the colonial period. The [[Great Valley Road|Great Valley Road]], which passed through the Shenandoah Valley was a popular route.
|-
 
| Accomack ([[Accomack County, Virginia#Immigration|Accomack County]])
Many Virginians moved to [[Georgia Genealogy (state)|Georgia]] immediately after the American Revolution.<ref>John Frederick Dorman, "Review of ''Research in Georgia,"'' in ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1981):147. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg v. 25 (1981)}}</ref>
| Leedstown ([[Westmoreland County, Virginia#Immigration|Westmoreland County]])
 
|-
===Virginia Migration Routes===
| Alexandria ([[Fairfax County, Virginia#Immigration|Fairfax County]])<ref>Donald G. Shomette, ''Maritime Alexandria: The Rise and Fall of an American Entrepôt'' (2003).</ref>
| Norfolk ([[Norfolk County, Virginia#Immigration|Norfolk County]])
|-
| Belvoir Plantation ([[Fairfax County, Virginia#Immigration|Fairfax County]])
| Port Royal ([[Caroline County, Virginia#Immigration|Caroline County]])
|-
| Bermuda Hundred ([[Chesterfield County, Virginia#Immigration|Chesterfield County]])
| Portsmouth ([[Norfolk County, Virginia#Immigration|Norfolk County]])
|-
| Dumfries ([[Prince William County, Virginia#Immigration|Prince William County]])
| South Quay ([[Southampton County, Virginia#Immigration|Southampton County]])<ref>John Crump Parker, "Old South Quay in Southampton County: Its Location, Early Ownership, and History," ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,'' Vol. 83, No. 2 (Apr. 1975):160-172. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4247939 JSTOR] ($).</ref>
|-
| Falmouth ([[Stafford County, Virginia#Immigration|Stafford County]])
| Suffolk ([[Nansemond County, Virginia#Immigration|Nansemond County]])
|-
| Fredericksburg ([[Spotsylvania County, Virginia#Immigration|Spotsylvania County]])
| Tappahannock (aka Hobb's Hole) ([[Essex County, Virginia#Immigration|Essex County]])
|-
| Hampton ([[Elizabeth City County, Virginia#Immigration|Elizabeth City County]])  
| Urbanna ([[Middlesex County, Virginia#Immigration|Middlesex County]])<ref>''Urbanna: A Port Town in Virginia 1680-1980'' (1980).</ref>
|-
| Jamestown ([[James City County, Virginia#Immigration|James City County]])
| Williamsburg ([[James City County, Virginia#Immigration|James City County]])
|-
|
| Yorktown ([[York County, Virginia#Immigration|York County]])
|}


Ships commonly docked along riverside plantations on the Elizabeth River, James River, Potomac River, Rappahannock River, and York River.
[[Atlantic Coast Ports]]{{·}} [[Chesapeake Bay]]{{·}} [[James River]]{{·}} [[Potomac River]]{{·}} [[Rappahannock River]]{{·}} [[York River]]{{·}} [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]]{{·}} [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad]]{{·}}[[National Road|Cumberland Road (or National Road)]]{{·}} [[Fall Line Road|Fall Line Road (or Southern Road)]]{{·}} [[Great Indian Warpath]]{{·}} [[Great Trading Path]]{{·}} [[Great Valley Road]]{{·}} [[Kanawha Trail]]{{·}} [[King's Highway]]{{·}} [[National Road|National Road (or Cumberland Road)]]{{·}} [[New River and Southern Trail]]{{·}} [[Occaneechi Path]]{{·}} [[Old Cherokee Path]]{{·}} [[Old Northwestern Turnpike]]{{·}} [[Pamunkey-New River Trail]]{{·}} [[Pioneer Road]]{{·}} [[Richmond Road]]{{·}} [[Richmond-Williamsburg Road]]{{·}} [[Saura-Saponi Trail]]{{·}} [[Secondary Coast Road]]{{·}} [[Fall Line Road|Fall Line Road (or (Fall LIne Road)]]{{·}} [[Upper Road]]{{·}} [[Wilderness Road]]{{·}} [[Wilmington, Highpoint, and Northern Trail]]


==Published Sources==
=== Colonial Records  ===
=== Colonial Records  ===


Very few passenger lists exist for immigrants entering colonial Virginia. There are quite a few sources; however, that include immigration information. Most records have been published. The place to start is P. William Filby, ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index'' (available online at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7486 Ancestry] ($)). Available library copies can be located through [http://www.worldcat.org/title/passenger-and-immigration-lists-index-a-guide-to-published-arrival-records-of-about-500000-passengers-who-came-to-the-united-states-and-canada-in-the-seventeenth-eighteenth-and-nineteenth-centuries/oclc/7385897&referer=brief_results WorldCat]. See also [http://www.worldcat.org/title/passenger-and-immigration-lists-index-supplement/oclc/9228872&referer=brief_results ''Passenger and immigration lists index. Supplement''].  
Very few passenger lists exist for immigrants entering colonial Virginia. There are quite a few sources, however, that include immigration information. Most records have been published. The place to start is P. William Filby, ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index'' (available online at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7486 Ancestry] ($)). Available library copies can be located through [http://www.worldcat.org/title/passenger-and-immigration-lists-index-a-guide-to-published-arrival-records-of-about-500000-passengers-who-came-to-the-united-states-and-canada-in-the-seventeenth-eighteenth-and-nineteenth-centuries/oclc/7385897&referer=brief_results WorldCat]. See also [http://www.worldcat.org/title/passenger-and-immigration-lists-index-supplement/oclc/9228872&referer=brief_results ''Passenger and immigration lists index. Supplement''].  


The major port in Virginia from the late eighteenth century forward was [[Norfolk County, Virginia#Immigration|Norfolk]], but many settlers arrived at [[Baltimore, Maryland Genealogy#Immigration|Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania#Immigration|Philadelphia]], or other ports and then migrated to Virginia. In the eighteenth century, ships selling indentured servants and transported convicts often docked at ports along the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers.  
The major port in Virginia from the late eighteenth century forward was [[Norfolk County, Virginia#Immigration|Norfolk]], but many settlers arrived at [[Baltimore, Maryland Genealogy#Immigration|Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania#Immigration|Philadelphia]], or other ports and then migrated to Virginia. In the eighteenth century, ships selling indentured servants and transported convicts often docked at ports along the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers.  


It is often quite a challenge to determine whether or not a Colonial Virginian was an immigrant. Headright grants identify a certain percentage (particularly before 1720; at least three-fourths of the names of new settlers in the 1600s are found in these land contracts<ref>Thomas, Robert E. ''The Thomas Family in 300 Years of American History''. Salt Lake City, UT: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1982. Print.</ref>), but require special attention to correctly interpret.<ref>Edmund S. Morgan, "Headrights and Head Counts: A Review Article," ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,'' Vol. 80, No. 3 (Jul. 1972):361-371. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4247736 JSTOR] ($); Richard Slatten, "Interpreting Headrights in Colonial-Virginia Patents: Uses and Abuses," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly,'' Vol. 75 (1987):169-179. Digital version at [http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/ National Genealogical Society website] ($); {{FHL|39597|item|disp=FHL Book 973 B2ng v. 75 (1987)}}; James W. Petty, "Seventeenth Century Virginia County Court Headright Certificates," ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 2001):3-22; Vol. 45, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 2001):112-122. Digital version at [http://www.americanancestors.org/ American Ancestors] ($). {{FHL|33159|item|disp=FHL Book 975.5 B2vg}}; Noel Currer-Briggs, "Headrights and Pitfalls," ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 23 (Jan. 1979):45-46. Digital version at [http://www.americanancestors.org/ American Ancestors] ($); Charles E. Drake, "Virginia Headrights: Genealogical Content and Usage," ''Virginia Genealogical Society Quarterly,'' Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1982):50-52. Digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6131 Ancestry] ($); {{FHL|478773|item|disp=FHL Book 975.5 B2vs}}.</ref> Colonial sources describing individuals as indentured or convict servants further develop a list. Military records kept about soldiers in the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War (particularly pensions) identify additional immigrants.  
It is often quite a challenge to determine whether or not a Colonial Virginian was an immigrant. Headright grants identify a certain percentage (particularly before 1720; at least three-fourths of the names of new settlers in the 1600s are found in these land contracts<ref>Thomas, Robert E. ''The Thomas Family in 300 Years of American History''. Salt Lake City, UT: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1982. Print.</ref>), but require special attention to correctly interpret.<ref>Edmund S. Morgan, "Headrights and Head Counts: A Review Article," ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,'' Vol. 80, No. 3 (Jul. 1972):361-371. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4247736 JSTOR] ($); Richard Slatten, "Interpreting Headrights in Colonial-Virginia Patents: Uses and Abuses," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly,'' Vol. 75 (1987):169-179. Digital version at [http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/ National Genealogical Society website] ($); {{FSC|39597|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 B2ng v. 75 (1987)}}; James W. Petty, "Seventeenth Century Virginia County Court Headright Certificates," ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 2001):3-22; Vol. 45, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 2001):112-122. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg}}; Noel Currer-Briggs, "Headrights and Pitfalls," ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 23 (Jan. 1979):45-46. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($); Charles E. Drake, "Virginia Headrights: Genealogical Content and Usage," ''Virginia Genealogical Society Quarterly,'' Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1982):50-52. Digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6131 Ancestry] ($); {{FSC|478773|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vs}}.</ref> Colonial sources describing individuals as indentured or convict servants further develop a list. Military records kept about soldiers in the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War (particularly pensions) identify additional immigrants.  


McCartney completed a 20-year scholarly study of all persons known to have resided in Colonial Virginia between 1607 and 1634. She published the results in 2007 to celebrate Virginia's 400th anniversary:  
McCartney completed a 20-year scholarly study of all persons known to have resided in Colonial Virginia between 1607 and 1634. She published the results in 2007 to celebrate Virginia's 400th anniversary:  


*McCartney, Martha W. ''Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607-1635: A Biographical Dictionary.'' Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2007. {{FHL|1384461|item|disp=FHL Book 975.5 D36m}}.
*McCartney, Martha W. ''Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607-1635: A Biographical Dictionary.'' Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2007. {{FSC|1384461|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 D36m}}.


The families of early settlers who left descendants are charted in:  
The families of early settlers who left descendants are charted in:  


*Dorman, John Frederick. ''Adventurers of Purse and Person, Virginia, 1607-1624/5.'' 3 vols. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004-2007. {{FHL|1149556|item|disp=FHL Books 975.5 H2j v. 1 - v. 3}}.
*Dorman, John Frederick. ''Adventurers of Purse and Person, Virginia, 1607-1624/5.'' 3 vols. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004-2007. {{FSC|1149556|item|disp=FS Library Books 975.5 H2j v. 1 - v. 3}}.


Other studies establishing the identities of early Virginia immigrants include:  
Other studies establishing the identities of early Virginia immigrants include:  


*''The Biographical Dictionary of Early Virginia, 1607- 1660'' lists many immigrants. See [[Virginia Biography]].  
*''The Biographical Dictionary of Early Virginia, 1607- 1660'' lists many immigrants. See [[Virginia Biography]].  
*Greer, George Cabell. ''Early Virginia Immigrants 1623-1666''. Richmond, Va.:&nbsp;W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912. Digital version at {{FSbook|205315}} - free; [http://books.google.com/books?id=xDISAAAAYAAJ Google Books] - free; [http://www.evmedia.com/virginia/ evmedia website] - free.  
*Greer, George Cabell. ''Early Virginia Immigrants 1623-1666''. Richmond, Va.: W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912. Digital version at [http://books.google.com/books?id=xDISAAAAYAAJ Google Books], [http://www.evmedia.com/virginia/ evmedia website].  
*Standard, W.G. ''Some Emigrants to Virginia:&nbsp;Memoranda in Regard to Several Hundred Emigrants to Virginia During the Colonial Period Whose Parentage is Shown or Former Residence Indicated by Authentic Records''. Richmond, Va.: The Bell Book &amp; Stationery Company, 1911. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48413 Ancestry] ($), {{FSbook|951630}} - free; [http://books.google.com/books?id=TCASAAAAYAAJ Google Books], and [http://www.archive.org/details/someemigrantstov00stan Internet Archive]. Free online surname index and purchase details for 2005 reprint at [http://www.mountainpress.com/books/va/details/va-0691w.html Mountain Press] website.
*Standard, W.G. ''Some Emigrants to Virginia: Memoranda in Regard to Several Hundred Emigrants to Virginia During the Colonial Period Whose Parentage is Shown or Former Residence Indicated by Authentic Records''. Richmond, Va.: The Bell Book & Stationery Company, 1911. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48413 Ancestry] ($), [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/185214-some-emigrants-to-virginia-memoranda-in-regard-to-several-hundred-emigrants-to-virginia-during-the-colonial-period-whose-parentage-is-shown-or-former-residence-indicated-by-authentic-records?offset=1 FamilySearch Digital Library], [http://books.google.com/books?id=TCASAAAAYAAJ Google Books], [https://www.archive.org/details/someemigrantstov00stan Internet Archive]. Free online surname index and purchase details for 2005 reprint at [http://www.mountainpress.com/books/va/details/va-0691w.html Mountain Press] website.


Headright grants document the importation of settlers into the colony. "Although it was possible to secure land on the headright system throughout the whole of the colonial period in Virginia, after about 1720 few of the land patents were issued on this basis."<ref>John Frederick Dorman, "Review of ''Cavaliers and Pioneers,''" in ''The Virginia Genealogist'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1980):221. Digital version at [http://www.americanancestors.org American Ancestors] ($). {{FHL|33159|item|disp=FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 24 (1980)}}</ref> They are kept at the [[Library of Virginia]]. They have been abstracted and digitized:  
Headright grants document the importation of settlers into the colony. "Although it was possible to secure land on the headright system throughout the whole of the colonial period in Virginia, after about 1720 few of the land patents were issued on this basis."<ref>John Frederick Dorman, "Review of ''Cavaliers and Pioneers,''" in ''The Virginia Genealogist'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1980):221. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg v. 24 (1980)}}</ref> They are kept at the [[Library of Virginia]]. They have been abstracted and digitized:  


*Nugent, Nell M. et al. ''Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants'' (1623-1782). 8 vols. Richmond, Va.: Virginia Genealogical Society, 1934-200. {{FHL|160644|item|disp=FHL Books 975.5 R2n v. 1-v. 8}}. Volume 1 (1623-1666) is available on [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48408 Ancestry] ($) and [http://archive.org/details/cavalierspioneer00nuge Internet Archive] - free.<br>
*Nugent, Nell M. et al. ''Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants'' (1623-1782). 8 vols. Richmond, Va.: Virginia Genealogical Society, 1934-200. {{FSC|160644|item|disp=FS Library Books 975.5 R2n v. 1-v. 8}}. Volume 1 (1623-1666) is available on [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48408 Ancestry] ($) and [http://archive.org/details/cavalierspioneer00nuge Internet Archive] - free.<br>


Once the patentee's name is known it is possible to retrieve digital images of the original land office patents on the website of the [[Library of Virginia|Library of Virginia]], see: [http://lva1.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/F/5RRY7GYMGHQCI2LPGPHUFPID9I4VN1AN7QEHE8D54REKQ8RVC9-45281?func=find-m&find_code=WRD&request=&adjacent=N&find_base=CLAS30&btnSubmit=&filter_code_2=WYR&filter_request_2=&filter_code_3=WYR&filter_request_3=&filter_code_4=WFM&filter_request_4=&filter_code_5=WSL&filter_request_5= Virginia Land Office Patents and Grants].  
Once the patentee's name is known it is possible to retrieve digital images of the original land office patents on the website of the [[Library of Virginia|Library of Virginia]], see: [http://lva1.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/F/5RRY7GYMGHQCI2LPGPHUFPID9I4VN1AN7QEHE8D54REKQ8RVC9-45281?func=find-m&find_code=WRD&request=&adjacent=N&find_base=CLAS30&btnSubmit=&filter_code_2=WYR&filter_request_2=&filter_code_3=WYR&filter_request_3=&filter_code_4=WFM&filter_request_4=&filter_code_5=WSL&filter_request_5= Virginia Land Office Patents and Grants].  


{{Main|Virginia Land and Property}}  
{{Main|Virginia Land and Property}}  
 
The Virginia Colonial Records Project at the [[Library of Virginia|Library of Virginia]] can help Americans trace their European immigrant origins. Scholars visited United Kingdom and other European archives searching for references to colonial-era Virginians. Their 14,704 records survey reports contain half a million names of persons and ships which are searchable at the Library's web site. They also microfilmed about two-thirds of the records they located. The 963 reels of microfilm are held at the Library of Virginia and are available for interlibrary loan. The Library's [http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/opac/vcrpabout.htm About the Virginia Colonial Records Project] provides more information. See also: *Riley, Edward M. "The Virginia Colonial Records Project," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 51, No. 2 (June 1963):81-89. {{FSC|39597|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 B2ng v. 51}}.
The Virginia Colonial Records Project at the [[Library of Virginia|Library of Virginia]] can help Americans trace their European immigrant origins. Scholars visited European archives searching for references to Virginians. Their reports are available [http://lva1.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/F/?func=file&file_name=find-b-clas27&local_base=CLAS27 online]&nbsp;and searchable by name; description: [http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/opac/vcrpabout.htm About the Virginia Colonial Records Project]. They also microfilmed many of the records they located. The microfilms are held at the Library of Virginia.<br>
 
For a genealogical description, see:  
 
*Riley, Edward M. "The Virginia Colonial Records Project," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 51, No. 2 (June 1963):81-89. {{FHL|39597|item|disp=FHL Book 973 B2ng v. 51}}.


=== Virginians in English archives ===
=== Virginians in English archives ===
Waters and Withington, like the Virginia Colonial Records Project, sought out references to Virginians in English archives:  
Waters and Withington, like the Virginia Colonial Records Project scholars, sought out references to Virginians in English archives:  


*Waters, Henry F. ''Genealogical Gleanings in England.'' Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1885-1889. Digital versions at Internet Archive: [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle02socigoog Vol. 1 (1st Part)] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle01socigoog Vol. 1 (2nd Part)] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle00socigoog Vol. 1 (3rd Part)]. 1901 edition; also at Internet Archive: [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalglea01byuwate Vol. 1] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalglea02byuwate Vol. 2] - all free.
*Waters, Henry F. ''Genealogical Gleanings in England.'' Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1885-1889. Digital versions at Internet Archive: [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle02socigoog Vol. 1 (1st Part)] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle01socigoog Vol. 1 (2nd Part)] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle00socigoog Vol. 1 (3rd Part)]. 1901 edition; also at Internet Archive: [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalglea01byuwate Vol. 1] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalglea02byuwate Vol. 2] - all free.


*Withington, Lothrop. ''Virginia Gleanings in England: Abstracts of 17th and 18th-Century English Wills and Administrations Relating to Virginia and Virginians. ''{{FHL|975.5 P28w}}
*Withington, Lothrop. ''Virginia Gleanings in England: Abstracts of 17th and 18th-Century English Wills and Administrations Relating to Virginia and Virginians. ''{{FSC|78657|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}


Withington's work, along with his successors Leo Culleton and Reginald M. Glencross, was originally published as a serial article in ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' between 1902 and 1948. Nearly the entire set (through 1922) is available online for free at JSTOR:  
Withington's work, along with his successors Leo Culleton and Reginald M. Glencross, was originally published as a serial article in ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' between 1902 and 1948. Nearly the entire set (through 1922) is available online for free at JSTOR:  
Line 241: Line 326:
Nugent identifies about 5,000 of the earliest immigrants to Virginia:  
Nugent identifies about 5,000 of the earliest immigrants to Virginia:  


*Nugent, Nell M. ''Early Settlers of Virginia. ''Baltimore:&nbsp; Genealogical Publishing Company 1969 (lists&nbsp;pre-1616 settlers)
*Nugent, Nell M. ''Early Settlers of Virginia. ''Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company 1969 (lists pre-1616 settlers)


==== English Immigrants  ====
==== English Immigrants  ====
Line 249: Line 334:
Scholarly articles published in ''The American Genealogist'', the ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', and ''The Virginia Genealogist'' illustrate strategies that will help Americans trace their colonial Virginia immigrant origins.  
Scholarly articles published in ''The American Genealogist'', the ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', and ''The Virginia Genealogist'' illustrate strategies that will help Americans trace their colonial Virginia immigrant origins.  


The Prerogative Court of Canterbury in London proved the wills of many residents of Virginia. For access, see&nbsp;[[Virginia Probate Records|Virginia Probate Records]]. Heraldic visitations list some members of prominent English families who crossed the Atlantic. [http://www.pricegen.com/english_genealogy.html Expert Links: English Family History and Genealogy] includes a concise list of visitations available online. Online archive catalogs, such as [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/a2a/ Access to Archives], can be keyword searched for place names, such as "Virginia" to retrieve manuscripts stored in hundreds of English archives relating to persons and landholdings&nbsp;in this former English colony. These types of records establish links between Virginia residents and England, which can lead researchers back to their specific ancestral English towns, villages, and hamlets.  
The Prerogative Court of Canterbury in London proved the wills of many residents of Virginia. For access, see [[Virginia Probate Records|Virginia Probate Records]]. Heraldic visitations list some members of prominent English families who crossed the Atlantic. [http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources/visitations.shtml Heralds' visitations and the College of Arms] includes a concise list of visitations available online. Online archive catalogs, such as [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Access to Archives], can be keyword searched for place names, such as "Virginia" to retrieve manuscripts stored in hundreds of English archives relating to persons and landholdings in this former English colony. These types of records establish links between Virginia residents and England, which can lead researchers back to their specific ancestral English towns, villages, and hamlets.  


The multi-volume ''Calendar of Colonial State Papers Colonial, America, and West Indies'' (1574-1739), which is available for free online (see discussion in&nbsp;[[Virginia Public Records|Virginia Public Records]]), highlights many connections between England and Virginia.  
The multi-volume ''Calendar of Colonial State Papers Colonial, America, and West Indies'' (1574-1739), which is available for free online (see discussion in [[Virginia Public Records|Virginia Public Records]]), highlights many connections between England and Virginia.  


A standard work on early Virginia immigrants, which includes some passenger lists, is now also widely available on the Internet:  
A standard work on early Virginia immigrants, which includes some passenger lists, is now also widely available on the Internet:  


*Hotten, John Camden. ''The Original Lists of Persons of Quality: Emigrants; Religious Exiles; Political Rebels; Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years; Apprentices; Children Stolen; Maidens Pressed; and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700, with Their Ages, the Localities Where They Formerly Lived in the Mother Country, the Names of the Ships in which They Embarked, and Other Interesting Particulars; from MSS. Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, England''. London: the author, 1874. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2065 Ancestry] ($); [http://books.google.com/books?id=B414AAAAMAAJ Google Books]&nbsp;and [http://www.archive.org/details/originallistsofp00hottuoft Internet Archive]; 1983 reprint: {{FHL|1055287|item|disp=FHL Book 973 W2hot 1983}}.
*Hotten, John Camden. ''The Original Lists of Persons of Quality: Emigrants; Religious Exiles; Political Rebels; Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years; Apprentices; Children Stolen; Maidens Pressed; and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700, with Their Ages, the Localities Where They Formerly Lived in the Mother Country, the Names of the Ships in which They Embarked, and Other Interesting Particulars; from MSS. Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, England''. London: the author, 1874. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2065 Ancestry] ($); [http://books.google.com/books?id=B414AAAAMAAJ Google Books] and [https://www.archive.org/details/originallistsofp00hottuoft Internet Archive]; 1983 reprint: {{FSC|1055287|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 W2hot 1983}}.


Sherwood published additional references not found in Hotten's work:  
Sherwood published additional references not found in Hotten's work:  


*Sherwood, George. ''American Colonists in English Records.'' 1932. Digital version at {{FSbook|994169}} - free.
*Sherwood, George. ''American Colonists in English Records.'' 1932.


Brandow also published an addendum to Hotten's work:  
Brandow also published an addendum to Hotten's work:  
Line 267: Line 352:
[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Peter Wilson Coldham]] has published several volumes of English records that identify hundreds of thousands, among other American immigrants, those destined for Virginia. Many English indentured servants completed labor terms in Virginia. Coldham's works are indexed in Filby's ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s'' (digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7486 Ancestry] ($)).  
[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Peter Wilson Coldham]] has published several volumes of English records that identify hundreds of thousands, among other American immigrants, those destined for Virginia. Many English indentured servants completed labor terms in Virginia. Coldham's works are indexed in Filby's ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s'' (digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7486 Ancestry] ($)).  


*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''British Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1788''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 2004. {{FHL|1210004|item|disp=FHL CD-ROM no. 2150}}. Includes numerous Virginia immigrants. May show British hometown, emigration date, ship, destination, and text of the document abstract.  
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''British Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1788''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 2004. {{FSC|1210004|item|disp=FS Library CD-ROM no. 2150}}. Includes numerous Virginia immigrants. May show British hometown, emigration date, ship, destination, and text of the document abstract.  
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1988. {{FHL|658375|item|disp=FHL Book 942.41/B2 W2c}}; digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49090 Ancestry] ($); [http://sites.rootsweb.com/~brbwgw/PubForums.htm Chronicle Barbados]&nbsp;(Barbados entries only); [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown].  
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1988. {{FSC|658375|item|disp=FS Library Book 942.41/B2 W2c}}; digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49090 Ancestry] ($); [http://sites.rootsweb.com/~brbwgw/PubForums.htm Chronicle Barbados] (Barbados entries only); [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown].  
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Complete Book of Emigrants: 1607-1776''. n.p.: Brøderbund, 1996. {{FHL|773852|item|disp=FHL CD-ROM no. 9 pt. 350}}; digital version of select portions at [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown].
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Complete Book of Emigrants: 1607-1776''. n.p.: Brøderbund, 1996. {{FSC|773852|item|disp=FS Library CD-ROM no. 9 pt. 350}}; digital version of select portions at [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown].


For English passenger lists, 1773 to 1776, which include emigrants destined for Virginia, see:  
For English passenger lists, 1773 to 1776, which include emigrants destined for Virginia, see:  


*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham,&nbsp;Peter Wilson]]. ''Emigrants from England to the American Colonies, 1773-1776''. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing co., 1988. {{FHL|313545|item|disp=FHL&nbsp;Book 973 W3c}}.
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''Emigrants from England to the American Colonies, 1773-1776''. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing co., 1988. {{FSC|313545|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 W3c}}.


For London children apprenticed to Virginia colonists, see:  
For London children apprenticed to Virginia colonists, see:  


*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. Christ's Hospital.  
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. Christ's Hospital.  
*Hume, Robert. ''Early child immigrants to Virginia, 1618-1642&nbsp;: copied from the records of Bridewell Royal Hospital.'' Baltimore, Md.: Magna Carta Book Company, 1986. {{FHL|477424|item|disp=FHL US/CAN Book 975.5 W2h}}
*Hume, Robert. ''Early child immigrants to Virginia, 1618-1642 : copied from the records of Bridewell Royal Hospital.'' Baltimore, Md.: Magna Carta Book Company, 1986. {{FSC|477424|item|disp=FS Library US/CAN Book 975.5 W2h}}


{{Main|Virginia Church Records#Clergy|Virginia Church Records}}  
{{Main|Virginia Church Records#Clergy|Virginia Church Records}}  
Line 284: Line 369:
English officials kept records of payments made for the transportation of Anglican ministers to America, see:  
English officials kept records of payments made for the transportation of Anglican ministers to America, see:  


*Fothergill, Gerald. ''A List of Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811''. London: E. Stock, 1904. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=4760 Ancestry] ($); [http://books.google.com/books?id=lVgEAAAAIAAJ Google Books]; [http://www.archive.org/details/listofemigrantmi00fothuoft Internet Archive], 1965 reprint: {{FHL|973 W2f 1965}}
*Fothergill, Gerald. ''A List of Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811''. London: E. Stock, 1904. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=4760 Ancestry] ($); [http://books.google.com/books?id=lVgEAAAAIAAJ Google Books]; [https://www.archive.org/details/listofemigrantmi00fothuoft Internet Archive], 1965 reprint: {{FSC|283621|item|disp=973 W2f 1965}}


Runaway advertisements for colonial indentured servants often yield immigration data. [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/ The&nbsp;Geography of Slavery&nbsp;in Virginia: Virginia Runaways, Slave Advertisements, Runaway Advertisements]&nbsp;indexes these records (for both white indentured servants and black slaves). These records can also be found in the&nbsp;digitized [http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/BrowseVG.cfm ''Virginia Gazette&nbsp;1736-1780''], available online through the Colonial Williamsburg website.  
Runaway advertisements for colonial indentured servants often yield immigration data. [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/ The Geography of Slavery in Virginia: Virginia Runaways, Slave Advertisements, Runaway Advertisements] indexes these records (for both white indentured servants and black slaves). These records can also be found in the digitized [http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/BrowseVG.cfm ''Virginia Gazette 1736-1780''], available online through the Colonial Williamsburg website.  


Murphy's research guide to tracing the English origins of Colonial Virginia '''indentured servants''' is available online: [http://www.pricegen.com/learningcenter/overseas-origins/ "Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants:&nbsp;American and English Sources,"] ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 93, No. 1 (Mar. 2005):5-24.  
Murphy's research guide to tracing the English origins of Colonial Virginia '''indentured servants''' is available online: [https://immigrant.pricegen.com/search/simple.php "Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants: American and English Sources,"] ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 93, No. 1 (Mar. 2005):5-24.  


Two excellent websites, containing tens of thousands of indentured servants are:  
Two excellent websites, containing tens of thousands of indentured servants are:  
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The English port of Whitehaven, in northwest England, had extensive trade dealings with Virginia and Maryland during the colonial period. For an excellent study of this trade and the families involved, see:<br>  
The English port of Whitehaven, in northwest England, had extensive trade dealings with Virginia and Maryland during the colonial period. For an excellent study of this trade and the families involved, see:<br>  


*Lawrence-Dow, Elizabeth and Daniel Hay. ''Whitehaven to Washington''. Copeland, England, 1974. {{FHL|258446|item|disp=FHL Book 975 H2d}}.<br>
*Lawrence-Dow, Elizabeth and Daniel Hay. ''Whitehaven to Washington''. Copeland, England, 1974. {{FSC|258446|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2d}}.<br>


==== African Immigrants  ====
==== African Immigrants  ====
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Scots-Irish settlement was particularly concentrated in the Shenandoah Valley during the eighteenth-century in places such as [[Augusta County, Virginia]].  
Scots-Irish settlement was particularly concentrated in the Shenandoah Valley during the eighteenth-century in places such as [[Augusta County, Virginia]].  


David Dobson has dedicated many&nbsp;years to establishing links between Scots and their dispersed Scottish cousins who settled throughout the world. For Virginia connections,&nbsp;see publications by {{FHL|66144|author-id|disp=David Dobson}}.<br>  
David Dobson has dedicated many years to establishing links between Scots and their dispersed Scottish cousins who settled throughout the world. For Virginia connections, see publications by {{FSC|66144|author-id|disp=David Dobson}}.<br>  


A helpful book about Scottish Highlanders in America is:  
A helpful book about Scottish Highlanders in America is:  


*MacLean, J.A.P. ''An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America Prior to the Peace of 1783 Together with Notices of Highland Regiments and Biographical Sketches''. Cleveland, Ohio: The Helman-Taylor Company, 1900. Digital version at [http://www.archive.org/details/historicalaccoun00macluoft Internet Archive].
*MacLean, J.A.P. ''An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America Prior to the Peace of 1783 Together with Notices of Highland Regiments and Biographical Sketches''. Cleveland, Ohio: The Helman-Taylor Company, 1900. Digital version at [https://www.archive.org/details/historicalaccoun00macluoft Internet Archive].


==== French Immigrants  ====
==== French Immigrants  ====
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A group of Germans created a settlement called Germanna in early eighteenth-century Virginia. Several books have been published about the history and genealogy of these families, such as:<br>  
A group of Germans created a settlement called Germanna in early eighteenth-century Virginia. Several books have been published about the history and genealogy of these families, such as:<br>  


*Memorial Foundation of Germanna Colonies in Virginia. ''Germanna Heritage Book''. Culpeper, Va.: by the society, 2000. {{FHL|1007396|item|disp=FHL US/CAN Large Q Book 975.5 D2gd no. 15}}.<br>
*Memorial Foundation of Germanna Colonies in Virginia. ''Germanna Heritage Book''. Culpeper, Va.: by the society, 2000. {{FSC|1007396|item|disp=FS Library US/CAN Large Q Book 975.5 D2gd no. 15}}.<br>


Herrmann Schuricht wrote a chapter titled "The first Germans in Virginia" in:<br>  
Herrmann Schuricht wrote a chapter titled "The first Germans in Virginia" in:<br>  


*Lohr, Otto et al. ''The First Germans in America: With a Biographical Directory of New York Germans''. Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1992. {{FHL|524630|item|disp=FHL Book 973 W2Lo}}.
*Lohr, Otto et al. ''The First Germans in America: With a Biographical Directory of New York Germans''. Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1992. {{FSC|524630|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 W2Lo}}.


Additional histories:  
Additional histories:  


*Schuright, Herrmann. ''History of the German Element in Virginia''. 2 vols. Baltimore, Md.: T. Kroh, 1898, 1900. Digital versions at Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=C1vNAAAAMAAJ Vol. 1]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=PVzNAAAAMAAJ Vol. 2]; 1977 reprint: {{FHL|491164|item|disp=FHL&nbsp;Book 975.5 F2gs v. 1-2}}.  
*Schuright, Herrmann. ''History of the German Element in Virginia''. 2 vols. Baltimore, Md.: T. Kroh, 1898, 1900. Digital versions at Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=C1vNAAAAMAAJ Vol. 1]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=PVzNAAAAMAAJ Vol. 2]; 1977 reprint: {{FSC|491164|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 F2gs v. 1-2}}.  
*Wust, Klaus. ''The Virginia Germans.'' Charlottesville, Va.: The University Press of Virginia, 1969. Digital version at {{FSbook|951272}} - free.
*Wust, Klaus. ''The Virginia Germans.'' Charlottesville, Va.: The University Press of Virginia, 1969.


[https://www.geni.com/projects/The-Palatine-Families-Project/735 The Palatine Project], sponsored by [http://www.progenealogists.com/ AncestryProGenealogists], includes annotated passenger lists for Germans entering Colonial Virginia.  
[https://www.geni.com/projects/The-Palatine-Families-Project/735 The Palatine Project], sponsored by [http://www.progenealogists.com/ AncestryProGenealogists], includes annotated passenger lists for Germans entering Colonial Virginia.  
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Though they do not include names of passengers, records kept by the Board of Trade and stored at [[England The National Archives|The National Archives]] (Kew, England), document ships' arrivals and departures from Virginia ports between 1698 and 1774. FamilySearch microfilmed these records. They are useful for learning about the history of ships entering the colony:  
Though they do not include names of passengers, records kept by the Board of Trade and stored at [[England The National Archives|The National Archives]] (Kew, England), document ships' arrivals and departures from Virginia ports between 1698 and 1774. FamilySearch microfilmed these records. They are useful for learning about the history of ships entering the colony:  


*Naval Office Shippings Lists for Virginia, 1698-1774 in the Public Record Office, London. {{FHL|301374|item|disp=FHL&nbsp;Films 972825-972828}}.
*Naval Office Shippings Lists for Virginia, 1698-1774 in the Public Record Office, London. {{FSC|301374|item|disp=FS Library Films 972825-972828}}.


For maritime court proceedings, see:  
For maritime court proceedings, see:  


*Reese, George, ed. ''Proceedings of the Court of Vice-Admiralty of Virginia, 1698-1775.'' Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1983. {{FHL|478569|item|disp=FHL Book 975.5 P2p}}.
*Reese, George, ed. ''Proceedings of the Court of Vice-Admiralty of Virginia, 1698-1775.'' Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1983. {{FSC|478569|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 P2p}}.


Ports and eastern seaboard towns were divided into customs districts. In 1770, there were six:  
Ports and eastern seaboard towns were divided into customs districts. In 1770, there were six:  


Accomack District {{·}} James River Lower District {{·}} James River Upper District {{·}} South Potomac District {{·}} Rappahannock District {{·}} York River District<ref>Lester J. Cappon, Barbara Bartz Petchenik, and John H. Long, ''Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era, 1760-1790'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), Plate 40. {{FHL|90443|item|disp=FHL Book 973 E7ae}}.</ref>  
Accomack District {{·}} James River Lower District {{·}} James River Upper District {{·}} South Potomac District {{·}} Rappahannock District {{·}} York River District<ref>Lester J. Cappon, Barbara Bartz Petchenik, and John H. Long, ''Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era, 1760-1790'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), Plate 40. {{FSC|90443|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 E7ae}}.</ref>  


Ships mentioned in the ''Virginia Gazette'' between 1736 and 1780 have been identified in the free online index produced by [http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGPPIndex.cfm?firstltr=S Colonial Williamsburg]. The index links to scanned newspaper images.  
Ships mentioned in the ''Virginia Gazette'' between 1736 and 1780 have been identified in the free online index produced by [http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGPPIndex.cfm?firstltr=S Colonial Williamsburg]. The index links to scanned newspaper images.  
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Information about ships can also be gleaned from colonial county court order books and [[Virginia Public Records#Calendar_of_State_Papers_Colonial.2C_America_and_West_Indies|English State Papers Colonial, American and West Indies]].  
Information about ships can also be gleaned from colonial county court order books and [[Virginia Public Records#Calendar_of_State_Papers_Colonial.2C_America_and_West_Indies|English State Papers Colonial, American and West Indies]].  


If you believe your ancestor served on the '''crew '''of an English vessel that docked in Virginia, Rediker's book ''Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750'' ({{FHL|630553|item|disp=FHL Book 942 U3re}})<ref>Marcus Rediker, ''Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987). {{FHL|630553|item|disp=FHL Book 942 U3re}}.</ref> provides an excellent description of what your ancestor's life at sea would have been like. Records about these people are stored in England at facilities such as the [[England The National Archives|British National Archives]]. Their website offers research guides, such as [http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/merchant-seamen-registers-1835-1857.htm Merchant seamen serving up to 1857: further research].  
If you believe your ancestor served on the '''crew '''of an English vessel that docked in Virginia, Rediker's book ''Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750'' ({{FSC|630553|item|disp=FS Library Book 942 U3re}})<ref>Marcus Rediker, ''Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987). {{FSC|630553|item|disp=FS Library Book 942 U3re}}.</ref> provides an excellent description of what your ancestor's life at sea would have been like. Records about these people are stored in England at facilities such as the [[England The National Archives|British National Archives]]. Their website offers research guides, such as [https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/records/ifa-merchant-navy-seamen-1835-1857-and-officers-1835-1913.pdf Merchant seamen serving up to 1857: further research].  


If you believe your ancestor's ship was '''shipwrecked''', Shomette compiled a "Chronological Index to Documented Vessel Losses in the Chesapeake Tidewater (1608-1978)" as an appendix to ''Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake'' ({{FHL|487703|item|disp=FHL Book 975 U3s}}) that can lead you to further information.<ref>Donald G. Shomette, ''Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake: Maritime Disasters on Chesapeake Bay and Its Tributaries, 1608-1978'' (Centreville, Md.: Tidewater Publishers, 1982), 242-287. {{FHL|487703|item|disp=FHL Book 975 U3s}}.</ref> Shomette also wrote a book titled ''Pirates on the Chesapeake: Being a True History of Pirates, Picaroons, and Raiders on Chesapeake Bay, 1610-1807'' (1988) for those who believe they may have '''pirates''' in their family tree.  
If you believe your ancestor's ship was '''shipwrecked''', Shomette compiled a "Chronological Index to Documented Vessel Losses in the Chesapeake Tidewater (1608-1978)" as an appendix to ''Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake'' ({{FSC|487703|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 U3s}}) that can lead you to further information.<ref>Donald G. Shomette, ''Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake: Maritime Disasters on Chesapeake Bay and Its Tributaries, 1608-1978'' (Centreville, Md.: Tidewater Publishers, 1982), 242-287. {{FSC|487703|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 U3s}}.</ref> Shomette also wrote a book titled ''Pirates on the Chesapeake: Being a True History of Pirates, Picaroons, and Raiders on Chesapeake Bay, 1610-1807'' (1988) for those who believe they may have '''pirates''' in their family tree.  


==== English Voyages  ====
==== English Voyages  ====
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[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Peter Wilson Coldham]] compiled a list of convict ships travelling between English and Virginia ports during the eighteenth century. See appendix to:  
[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Peter Wilson Coldham]] compiled a list of convict ships travelling between English and Virginia ports during the eighteenth century. See appendix to:  


*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''British Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1788.'' CD-ROM. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004. {{FHL|1210004|item|disp=FHL CD-ROM CD-ROM no. 2150}}.
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''British Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1788.'' CD-ROM. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004. {{FSC|1210004|item|disp=FS Library CD-ROM CD-ROM no. 2150}}.


Many English ships that voyaged to Colonial Virginia are also mentioned in:  
Many English ships that voyaged to Colonial Virginia are also mentioned in:  


*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''English Adventurers and Emigrants: Abstracts of Examinations in the High Court of Admiralty with Reference to Colonial America''. 3 vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1984-. {{FHL|5169|item|disp=FHL&nbsp;Book 942 P2cw v. 1 - v. 3}}
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''English Adventurers and Emigrants: Abstracts of Examinations in the High Court of Admiralty with Reference to Colonial America''. 3 vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1984-. {{FSC|5169|item|disp=FS Library Book 942 P2cw v. 1 - v. 3}}
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1988. {{FHL|658375|item|disp=FHL Book 942.41/B2 W2c}}; digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49090 Ancestry] ($); [http://sites.rootsweb.com/~brbwgw/PubForums.htm Chronicle Barbados]&nbsp;(free; Barbados entries only); [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown] (free).  
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1988. {{FSC|658375|item|disp=FS Library Book 942.41/B2 W2c}}; digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49090 Ancestry] ($); [http://sites.rootsweb.com/~brbwgw/PubForums.htm Chronicle Barbados] (free; Barbados entries only); [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown] (free).  


Many ships that sailed from Bristol, England to Virginia are described in: ''Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America 1698-1807'' (4 vols.) {{FHL|504033|item|disp=FHL British Books 942.41/B2 B4b v. 38-39, 42, 47}}. All four volumes are available for free online at the [http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications.htm Bristol Record Society website].
Many ships that sailed from Bristol, England to Virginia are described in: ''Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America 1698-1807'' (4 vols.) {{FSC|504033|item|disp=FS Library British Books 942.41/B2 B4b v. 38-39, 42, 47}}. All four volumes are available for free online at the [http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications.htm Bristol Record Society website].
 
'''Historic Jamestowne - National Park Service '''
*[https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/genealogical-research-for-a-jamestown-ancestor.htm Genealogical Research for a Jamestown Ancestor]


==== German Voyages  ====
==== German Voyages  ====
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Dr. Marianne S. Wokeck created a detailed list of "German Immigrant Voyages, 1683-1775" to Colonial America. Destinations include Virginia (1730s-1750s). She published the list in an Appendix to:  
Dr. Marianne S. Wokeck created a detailed list of "German Immigrant Voyages, 1683-1775" to Colonial America. Destinations include Virginia (1730s-1750s). She published the list in an Appendix to:  


*Wokeck, Marianne S. ''Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America''. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999. {{FHL|1023023|item|disp=FHL&nbsp;Book 970 W2w}}.
*Wokeck, Marianne S. ''Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America''. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999. {{FSC|1023023|item|disp=FS Library Book 970 W2w}}.


==== Irish Voyages  ====
==== Irish Voyages  ====
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Dr. [[David Dobson|David Dobson]] has compiled a detailed list of ships voyaging between Scotland and America. Volume 4 includes information gleaned from the ''Virginia Gazette'':  
Dr. [[David Dobson|David Dobson]] has compiled a detailed list of ships voyaging between Scotland and America. Volume 4 includes information gleaned from the ''Virginia Gazette'':  


*[[David Dobson|Dobson, David]]. ''Ships from Scotland to America, 1628-1828''. 4 vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. Publisher's bookstore: [http://www.genealogical.com/products/Ships%20from%20Scotland%20to%20America,%201628-1828/1492.html Vol. 1]; [http://www.genealogical.com/products/Ships%20from%20Scotland%20to%20America,%201628-1828.%20Volume%20II/1468.html Vol. 2]; [http://www.genealogical.com/products/Ships%20from%20Scotland%20to%20America,%201628-1828.%20Volume%20III/1465.html Vol. 3]; [http://www.genealogical.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&item_number=9704 Vol. 4]. {{FHL|691567|item|disp=FHL&nbsp;Books 973 W3d v. 1-v. 3}} FHL has Volumes 1 to 3.
*[[David Dobson|Dobson, David]]. ''Ships from Scotland to America, 1628-1828''. 4 vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co. Vol 1: {{WorldCat|38433997|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; Vol 2: {{WorldCat|945991408|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; Vol 3: {{WorldCat|56910368|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; Vol 4: {{WorldCat|703229287|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; {{FSC|691567|item|disp=FS Library Books 973 W3d v. 1-v. 3}} FS Library has Volumes 1 to 4.


=== 1783 to Present  ===
=== 1783 to Present  ===


The Family History Library and the National Archives have many of the post-1820 passenger lists and indexes for Baltimore, Philadelphia, and other major ports. These are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under [STATE], [COUNTY], [CITY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.  
The FamilySearch Library and the National Archives have many of the post-1820 passenger lists and indexes for Baltimore, Philadelphia, and other major ports. These are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under [STATE], [COUNTY], [CITY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.  


The Family History Library and the National Archives also have incomplete passenger lists for the following ports.  
The FamilySearch Library and the National Archives also have incomplete passenger lists for the following ports.  
*Alexandria, 1820-1865 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*East River, 1830 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Hampton, 1820-1821 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Norfolk and Portsmouth, 1820-1857 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Petersburg, 1820-1821 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Richmond, 1820-1844 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}


*Alexandria, 1820-1865 {{FHL|830231}}  
The above lists are included in ''Copies of Lists of Passengers Arriving at Miscellaneous Ports on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts'' . . . (in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; {{FSC|830231}}-{{FSC|830246}}. These lists are indexed in ''Supplemental Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports'' . . . (in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION - INDEXES; {{FSC|418161}}-{{FSC|418348}}  
*East River, 1830 {{FHL|830232}}
*Hampton, 1820-1821 {{FHL|830234}}  
*Norfolk and Portsmouth, 1820-1857 {{FHL|830236}}
*Petersburg, 1820-1821 {{FHL|830238}}  
*Richmond, 1820-1844 {{FHL|830246}}


The above lists are included in ''Copies of Lists of Passengers Arriving at Miscellaneous Ports on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts'' . . . (in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; {{FHL|830231}}-{{FHL|830246}}. These lists are indexed in ''Supplemental Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports'' . . . (in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION - INDEXES; {{FHL|418161}}-{{FHL|418348}}
During the War of 1812, American officials reported finding a total of 333 British aliens, many of whom had families, living in Virginia. Most British immigrants were settling in the capital, and in towns, and ports at that time. The numbers show that immigration from Great Britain to Virginia had decreased considerably from the high levels reached during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries:<ref name="null">Kenneth Scott, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/title/british-aliens-in-the-united-states-during-the-war-of-1812/oclc/5711802 British Aliens in the United States During the War of 1812]'' (Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979), 320-333. {{FSC|78653|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 W4s}}; digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49091 Ancestry] ($).</ref>  
 
During the War of 1812, American officials reported finding a total of&nbsp;333 British aliens, many of&nbsp;whom had families,&nbsp;living in Virginia. Most British immigrants were settling in the capital, and in towns, and ports at that time. The numbers show that immigration from Great Britain to Virginia had decreased considerably from the high levels reached during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries:<ref name="null">Kenneth Scott, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/title/british-aliens-in-the-united-states-during-the-war-of-1812/oclc/5711802 British Aliens in the United States During the War of 1812]'' (Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979), 320-333. {{FHL|78653|item|disp=FHL Book 973 W4s}}; digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49091 Ancestry] ($).</ref>  


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== American Immigration  ==
Many settlers from [[Maryland Genealogy|Maryland]] and&nbsp;[[Pennsylvania Genealogy|Pennsylvania]] migrated down into Virginia during the colonial period. The [[Great Valley Road|Great Valley Road]], which passed through the Shenandoah Valley was a popular route.
== Westward Migrants  ==


Free native-born Virginians, alive in 1850, who had left the state, resettled as follows:<ref name="Lynch">These statistics do not account for the large number of Virginians who had resettled and died before the year 1850. See: William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):303-327. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref>  
Free native-born Virginians, alive in 1850, who had left the state, resettled as follows:<ref name="Lynch">These statistics do not account for the large number of Virginians who had resettled and died before the year 1850. See: William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):303-327. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref>  
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Many Virginians moved to [[Georgia Genealogy (state)|Georgia]] immediately after the American Revolution.<ref>John Frederick Dorman, "Review of ''Research in Georgia,"'' in ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1981):147. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/index.aspx American Ancestors] ($). {{FHL|33159|item|disp=FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 25 (1981)}}</ref> Barlow published records identifying some of them:  
Many Virginians moved to [[Georgia Genealogy (state)|Georgia]] immediately after the American Revolution.<ref>John Frederick Dorman, "Review of ''Research in Georgia,"'' in ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1981):147. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg v. 25 (1981)}}</ref> Barlow published records identifying some of them:  


*Barlow, Lundie W. "Some Virginia Settlers of Georgia, 1773-1798," ''The Virginia Genealogist'', Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1958):19-27. Digital version at [http://www.americanancestors.org/Search.aspx?Ca=098&Da=285 American Ancestors] ($).
*Barlow, Lundie W. "Some Virginia Settlers of Georgia, 1773-1798," ''The Virginia Genealogist'', Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1958):19-27. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($).


What was it like to move from Virginia to [[Kentucky, United States Genealogy|Kentucky]] in the early 1800s? Daniel Trabue's journal makes a fascinating read:  
What was it like to move from Virginia to [[Kentucky, United States Genealogy|Kentucky]] in the early 1800s? Daniel Trabue's journal makes a fascinating read:  


*Young, Chester Raymond. ''Westward into Kentucky, The Narrative of Daniel Trabue''. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1981. {{FHL|57459|item|disp=FHL Book 976.9 H2td}}.
*Young, Chester Raymond. ''Westward into Kentucky, The Narrative of Daniel Trabue''. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1981. {{FSC|57459|item|disp=FS Library Book 976.9 H2td}}.


What was it like to move from Virginia to [[Alabama, United States Genealogy|Alabama]] in the early 1800s? Owen's journal of his trip is available online at [http://archive.org/stream/publicationssou02assogoog#page/n100/mode/2up Internet Archive] - free.<ref>"John Owen's Journal of His Removal from Virginia to Alabama in 1818," ''Publications of the Southern History Association,'' Vol. 1, No. 2 (Apr. 1897):89-97. Digitized by [http://archive.org/stream/publicationssou02assogoog#page/n100/mode/2up Internet Archive].</ref>  
What was it like to move from Virginia to [[Alabama, United States Genealogy|Alabama]] in the early 1800s? Owen's journal of his trip is available online at [https://archive.org/details/publicationssou02assogoog/page/n100/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive] - free.<ref>"John Owen's Journal of His Removal from Virginia to Alabama in 1818," ''Publications of the Southern History Association,'' Vol. 1, No. 2 (Apr. 1897):89-97. Digitized by [http://archive.org/stream/publicationssou02assogoog#page/n100/mode/2up Internet Archive].</ref>  


Dorothy Williams Potter in ''Passports of Southeastern Pioneers 1770-1823'' ({{FHL|265121|item|disp=FHL Book 975 W4p}}) identifies some migrants from Virginia into territories that are now [[Alabama, United States Genealogy|Alabama]], [[Florida Genealogy|Florida]], [[Louisiana Genealogy|Louisiana]], [[Mississippi Genealogy|Mississippi]], and [[Missouri, United States Genealogy|Missouri]].  
Dorothy Williams Potter in ''Passports of Southeastern Pioneers 1770-1823'' ({{FSC|265121|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 W4p}}) identifies some migrants from Virginia into territories that are now [[Alabama, United States Genealogy|Alabama]], [[Florida Genealogy|Florida]], [[Louisiana Genealogy|Louisiana]], [[Mississippi Genealogy|Mississippi]], and [[Missouri, United States Genealogy|Missouri]].  


Robertson compiled a list of Virginians in Kansas in 1860:<br>  
Robertson compiled a list of Virginians in Kansas in 1860:<br>  


*Robertson, Clara Hamlett. ''Kansas Territorial Settlers of 1860 Who were Born in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina:&nbsp;A Compilation with Historical Annotations and Editorial Comment''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1976. {{FHL|978.1 H2ro}}; digital version at [http://www.worldvitalrecords.com/indexinfo.aspx?ix=gpc0806306971_clarahamlettrobertson1976 World Vital Records] ($).
*Robertson, Clara Hamlett. ''Kansas Territorial Settlers of 1860 Who were Born in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina: A Compilation with Historical Annotations and Editorial Comment''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1976. {{FSC|978.1 H2ro}}. '''''Online at:''''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/48580/ Ancestry] ($).
 
British Mercantile Claims identify migrations made by many Virginians during the period 1775 to 1803. The folks listed owed debts to overseas British merchants at the opening of the Revolutionary War and after the War was over, the merchants came to collect their debts, only to find that many of these people had moved. Dorman published these records in ''The Virginia Genealogist'', beginning with Volume 6. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/uploadedFiles/American_Ancestors/Content/Databases/PDFs/VA_Genealogist/VA_GenealogistTOC6-10.pdf American Ancestors] ($). {{FHL|33159|item|disp=FHL Book 975.5 B2vg v. 6 (1962)}}.
 
Dr. Koontz wrote a helpful article about life on "The Virginia Frontier, 1754-1763," ''Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science'' (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925). Digital version at {{FSbook|111098}} - free.
 
== Websites  ==


British Mercantile Claims identify migrations made by many Virginians during the period 1775 to 1803. The folks listed owed debts to overseas British merchants at the opening of the Revolutionary War and after the War was over, the merchants came to collect their debts, only to find that many of these people had moved. Dorman published these records in ''The Virginia Genealogist'', beginning with Volume 6. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg v. 6 (1962)}}.


*[http://www.pricegen.com/immigrantservants/search/simple.php Immigrant Servants Database] 20,000+ colonial immigrants, primary focus: Chesapeake Bay colonies (Virginia and Maryland)  
Dr. Koontz wrote a helpful article about life on "The Virginia Frontier, 1754-1763," ''Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science'' (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925). Digital version at [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/81808-the-virginia-frontier-1754-1763?offset=1 FamilySearch Digital Library].
*[http://www.virtualjamestown.org Virtual Jamestown] Indentured servant registers from colonial period, which identify English indentured servants shipped to America


== References  ==
== References  ==
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