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'''Understanding customs used in surnames and given names can help you identify your ancestors in records. Learn to recognize name variations and see clues in names.''' | |||
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==Online Tools== | |||
*[[Given Name Equivalents in the Austro-Hungarian Empire|'''Given Name Equivalents''']] This table, based on the resource [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS8L-TQ27-6 Słownik imion], alphabetizes names in Latin, with equivalents in other languages, including Slovak. | |||
*[https://surnames.behindthename.com/names/usage/slovak '''Behind the Name: Slovak Surnames'''] | |||
*[https://www.behindthename.com/names/usage/slovak '''Behind the Name: Slovak Given Names'''] | |||
*[https://telefonny.zoznam.sk/ Slovak Telephone Directory] For modern surnames | |||
*[https://www.familysearch.org/en/surname Surname experience] at FamilySearch - search by surname to learn its meaning and origin | |||
== Surnames == | |||
In the absence of a consistent system, names in Slovakia (similar to other European countries) were not stable for many centuries. Medieval people or even those of the 18th century, were not forced to use one official, very individual, and hereditary surname. It was enough if one could be more or less precisely distinguished by the society. Everyone had a given name, usually a Christian name. This was used during the course of his life in various forms. | In the absence of a consistent system, names in Slovakia (similar to other European countries) were not stable for many centuries. Medieval people or even those of the 18th century, were not forced to use one official, very individual, and hereditary surname. It was enough if one could be more or less precisely distinguished by the society. Everyone had a given name, usually a Christian name. This was used during the course of his life in various forms. | ||
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'''Occupations'''<br>A further large group consists of surnames derived from occupations ''Kováč, Mlynár, Minárik, Švec, Szabó, Schmidt'' etc. They usually appeared in later centuries and reflect the family ancestor's occupation. | '''Occupations'''<br>A further large group consists of surnames derived from occupations ''Kováč, Mlynár, Minárik, Švec, Szabó, Schmidt'' etc. They usually appeared in later centuries and reflect the family ancestor's occupation. | ||
'''Others'''<br>There are also other groups of surnames reflecting an ancestor's nature, mental or physical qualities, etc. And finally, there is a large group of surnames for which the origin or contents remains and will remain without clear explanation. | '''Others'''<br>There are also other groups of surnames reflecting an ancestor's nature, mental or physical qualities, etc. And finally, there is a large group of surnames for which the origin or contents remains and will remain without clear explanation. <ref>''Slovak Surnames: What They Can Tell a Family Historian'' by Milan Šišmiš, presented at the FEEFHS Convention, Minneapolis in 1996. To read the article in its entirety see FEEFHS Journal 4:4 (March 1997).</ref> | ||
===Surname Changes of Immigrants in the United States=== | |||
'''As Immigrants moved into English-speaking countries, their surnames were impacted in a variety of ways.''' | |||
<br> | |||
*Most of the time the surname spelling changed to accommodate the '''different phonetic spelling in the English language'''. In other words, the recorder tried to write the name the way he heard it. | |||
*Surnames may also have been translated outright into English, sometimes with a slight twist. | |||
*Within the community, such as the local parish, immigrants may continue to use the original name, while at the same time '''using English-language equivalents when dealing with local government, census takers, and other English speakers.''' | |||
*Different branches of the same family may adopt various surname spellings. | |||
*Prior to 1900, formal surname changes documented in local court records are relatively rare. | |||
*During the early 20th Century, especially the World War I era, surname changes are recorded more frequently, as immigrants or, more often, their children, tried to adopt more neutral surnames. | |||
==Given Names== | |||
*Given names in Slovakia are called '''baptismal names (Slovak: krstné mená)''' even though today they are completely separate from the Christian baptismal names. | |||
*Proper baptismal names given during infant baptism are still common in the countryside, yet they are only '''seldom used within the official name''' (if they are, they form the person's middle name). | |||
*Generally, names in Slovakia can be of several distinct origins: | |||
:*'''Christian names often inspired by saints''' (e.g. Vojtech) | |||
:*'''Names of past kings and rulers''' (e.g. Ladislav) | |||
:*'''Modern names''' (e.g. Lukas) | |||
:*'''Names of ethnic minorities living in Slovakia''' (e.g. Béla) | |||
*Traditionally, it was common to choose a given name for the newborn '''from within the family; grandfather and grandmother names being particularly popular'''. While this is no longer as common as in the past, it is still widely practiced especially in the rural areas.<ref>"Slovak name", in Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_name, accessed 6 March 2021.</ref> | |||
=== Słownik imion (Dictionary of names) === | |||
In many Slovak records, given names are translated into Latin, German, or Hungarian. One of the best resources to identify the Slovak (or other language) version of a Latin name is the [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS8L-TQ27-6 '''Słownik imion'''], or dictionary of names. This information has been indexed into a searchable [[Given Name Equivalents in the Austro-Hungarian Empire|'''online table''']]. A digital copy of the book is available [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS8L-TQ27-6 online]. An [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS8L-TQKT-S index] to all variant names is located at the [https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CS8L-TQKT-S back of the book]. | |||
=== Male Given Names === | |||
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== Female Given Names == | === Female Given Names === | ||
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[[Category:Slovakia]] | ==For Further Reading== | ||
*Matričný slovník: pomôcka na zapisovanie údajov do cirkevných matrík. Trnava [Slovakia]: Spolok svätého Vojtecha, 1999. (FS Library book 943.73 D4m){{WorldCat|866456410|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} Genealogical dictionary of names (Hungarian, Latin, and Slovak), professions (Latin and Slovak), and diseases (Latin and Slovak) found in Slovak parish registers. Text in Hungarian, Latin, and Slovak. | |||
===FamilySearch Library=== | |||
Additional sources are listed in the '''FamilySearch Catalog:''' | |||
*{{FSC|Slovakia - Names, Personal|subject|subject-id=103827275|disp= Slovakia - Names, Personal}} | |||
==References== | |||
<references/> | |||
[[Category:Slovakia Language and Handwriting]] | |||
[[Category:Language and Handwriting]] | |||
[[Category:Naming Customs]] | |||
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