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{{Estonia | {{CountrySidebar | ||
|Country=Estonia | |||
|Name=Estonia | |||
|Type=Topic | |||
|Topic Type=Background | |||
|Background=Naming Customs | |||
|Rating=Standardized | |||
}}{{breadcrumb | |||
| link1=[[Estonia Genealogy|Estonia]] | | link1=[[Estonia Genealogy|Estonia]] | ||
| link2= | | link2= | ||
| link3= | | link3= | ||
| link4= | | link4= | ||
| link5=[[Estonia | | link5=[[Estonia Naming Customs|Naming Customs]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
== Online Resources == | == Online Resources == | ||
* | *{{FSC|304486|item|disp=Estonian personal names}} - compiled by the United States Central Intelligence Agency in 1965 | ||
*[https://surnames.behindthename.com/names/usage/estonian | *[https://surnames.behindthename.com/names/usage/estonian Behind the Name: Estonian Surnames] | ||
*[https://www.behindthename.com/names/usage/estonian | *[https://www.behindthename.com/names/usage/estonian Behind the Name: Estonian Given Names] | ||
*[https://nimed.ee/ | *[https://nimed.ee/ Estonian Cultural Index (EILI)] | ||
*[https://forebears.io/estonia/surnames | *[https://forebears.io/estonia/surnames Most Common Last Names in Estonia] | ||
*[https://www.familysearch.org/en/surname FamilySearch's surname experience] - enter your last name to find its meaning and origin | |||
== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Family names in Estonia are important for researchers, as they often contain a great deal of information. These surnames can lead the researcher to the very commune (a relatively small administrative-territorial unit) the family lived and to associated archival records. The number of surnames in Estonia is quite large. | Family names in Estonia are important for researchers, as they often contain a great deal of information. These surnames can lead the researcher to the very commune (a relatively small administrative-territorial unit) the family lived and to associated archival records. The number of surnames in Estonia is quite large. | ||
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== History == | == History == | ||
From 1822-1826 all peasants in South Estonia (the Livonian province) who had been liberated from serfdom were given family names. In 1835, this also happened in North Estonian (the Estonian province). In some places, this happened even earlier. The source of surnames for peasants were derived from their everyday world, including household commodities, seasons, clothing, farm names, occupations, and other such things. Based on the dialect, surnames may have different meanings. Surnames (or family names) are hereditary and are often common to all members of a family. | |||
From 1822-1826 all peasants in South Estonia (the Livonian province) who had been liberated from serfdom were given family names. In 1835, this also happened in North Estonian (the Estonian province). In some places, this happened even earlier. The source of surnames for peasants were derived from their everyday world, including household commodities, seasons, clothing, farm names, occupations, and other such things. Based on the dialect, surnames may have different meanings. | |||
Interest in surnames started in the 1920s and 1930s. By appeal, local clergy provided data on about half of the family names registered in their congregations. Based on the initial data of the 1934 census, the state Central Bureau of Statistics compiled a catalog of already existing names. Unfortunately, this catalog was not thoroughly studied and only part of the original has survived. | Interest in surnames started in the 1920s and 1930s. By appeal, local clergy provided data on about half of the family names registered in their congregations. Based on the initial data of the 1934 census, the state Central Bureau of Statistics compiled a catalog of already existing names. Unfortunately, this catalog was not thoroughly studied and only part of the original has survived. | ||
Between 1935-1940 there was a major campaign for the Estonianization of family names. During this time, almost 200,000 people chose a new surname. Unfortunately, some family members chose different surnames or unrelated families chose the same surname, making it more difficult for researchers. Most surnames were derived from German or Russian names. Typically, names related to animals were discarded. Records of name changes could not be compiled at this time because of Soviet occupation in 1940. Some of these names have been compiled by Aadu Must (see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120301175543/http://www.history.ee/ono www.history.ee/ono]).<ref>Must, Aadu. "The Sources of Estonian Family History." In ''Eestlaste perekonnaloo allikad''. Estonia: Kleio, 2000.</ref> | Between 1935-1940 there was a major campaign for the Estonianization of family names. During this time, almost 200,000 people chose a new surname. Unfortunately, some family members chose different surnames or unrelated families chose the same surname, making it more difficult for researchers. Most surnames were derived from German or Russian names. Typically, names related to animals were discarded. Records of name changes could not be compiled at this time because of Soviet occupation in 1940. Some of these names have been compiled by Aadu Must (see [https://web.archive.org/web/20120301175543/http://www.history.ee/ono www.history.ee/ono]).<ref>Must, Aadu. "The Sources of Estonian Family History." In ''Eestlaste perekonnaloo allikad''. Estonia: Kleio, 2000.</ref> | ||
== Research Strategy == | == Research Strategy == | ||
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Surnames can also be used to detect migration patterns. <ref>Must, Aadu. "The Sources of Estonian Family History." In ''Eestlaste perekonnaloo allikad''. Estonia: Kleio, 2000.</ref> | Surnames can also be used to detect migration patterns. <ref>Must, Aadu. "The Sources of Estonian Family History." In ''Eestlaste perekonnaloo allikad''. Estonia: Kleio, 2000.</ref> | ||
== Name Change Records == | |||
Between 1830 and 1836 all Estonians received Estonian names. Prior to that time, the names were German, Russian, Swedish, etc. These records must be consulted to determine the old names in order to research parish registers before the 1830s. Records exist as a card file and application forms at the Central Civil Registration Archive, Tallinn. The forms give a person's old and new names. | |||
== Name | |||
==For Further Reading== | ==For Further Reading== | ||
*[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSDS-1S53-M?mode=g&cat=304486 | *[https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSDS-1S53-M?mode=g&cat=304486 Estonian Personal Names] | ||
===FamilySearch Library=== | ===FamilySearch Library=== | ||
Additional sources are listed in the | Additional sources are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog: | ||
*{{ | *{{FSC|Estonia - Names, Personal|subject|subject-id=639416134|disp= Estonia - Names, Personal}} | ||
== References | == References == | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
[[Category:Estonia]] | [[Category:Estonia]] | ||
[[Category:Naming Customs]] | |||
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