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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
The [[Media:WL_Poland.pdf|Polish Genealogical Word List]] contains Polish words and their English translations for many words that are found in documents used to research Polish ancestors. If the word (or some form of it) you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary. See the [[Poland Genealogical Word List#Additional_Resources|Additional Resources]] section below.  
The [[Media:WL Poland.pdf|Polish Genealogical Word List]] contains Polish words and their English translations for many words that are found in documents used to research Polish ancestors. If the word (or some form of it) you are looking for is not on this list, please consult a Polish-English dictionary. See the [[Poland Genealogical Word List#Additional_Resources|Additional Resources]] section below.  


Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech.. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.  
Polish is a Slavic language related to Russian and Czech. It is used in genealogical sources throughout Poland. Before 1918, Polish-speaking territories were divided between Russia, Germany, and Austria. Records written before 1918 may be in German, Russian, Latin, or Polish.  


*In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.  
*In Russian Poland, Polish was the official language for vital records from 1808 to 1868. From 1868 to 1917, Russian was the official language.  
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The letters q, v and x are also used, but only for foreign names or words.  
The letters q, v and x are also used, but only for foreign names or words.  
While a Latin-based alphabet is used in both Polish and English, some letters make different sounds in each language. Below are a few examples of how some Polish sounds may be represented in English:
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Polish Sound'''
|'''Possible English Representation'''
|-
|ą
|om, on (in “home” or “prone”)
|-
|c
|ts (in “cats”)
|-
|ch
|hard h (like “ch” in “loch”)
|-
|cz, ć
|ch (in “chew”)
|-
|dż
|j (in “joke”)
|-
|ę
|em, en (in “them” or “then”)
|-
|j
|y (in “you”)
|-
|ł
|l/w (in “life” or “wife”)
|-
|ó
|oo (in “too”)
|-
|sz, ś (sch in German)
|sh (in “shake”)
|-
|w
|v (in “vote”)
|-
|z, rz, ż
|zh (like “s” in “treasure”)
|}
Some other letter sounds may be confused with each other, such as b and p, v and f, g and k, d and t, zh and sh, z and s, or j and ch, especially if they were written in a document based only on what someone said. Vowel sounds can vary too, so knowing that an “a” may be used in place of an “o” or an “i” in place of an “e” can help you make sense of spelling errors you find in historical records.


=== Language Aids  ===
=== Language Aids  ===


The Family History Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:  
The FamilySearch Library has genealogical word lists for Polish (34098), German (34067), and Latin (34077). The following books and English-Polish dictionaries can also aid you in your research. You can find these and similar material at many research libraries:  


Kierst, W. ''English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FHL book 491.85321 K847e.)  
Kierst, W. ''English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Saphograph Co., 1956. (FS Library book 491.85321 K847e.)  


Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FHL book 491.85321P751p.)  
Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. ''Practical Polish-English, English-Polish Dictionary.'' New York, New York: Hippocrene Books, 1985. (FS Library book 491.85321P751p.)  
 
[https://sjp.pwn.pl/ SŁOWNIK JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO -- Polish language dictionary (online)]
 
[https://wsjp.pl/index.php?pwh=0 Wielki słownik języka polskiego - polish dictionary (online)] **must use diacritics!**


Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:  
Another valuable research tool for reading records of the former Russian territories of Poland is:  


Frazin, Judith R. A ''Translation Guide to the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed.'' Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 V27.) This book is now online at [http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA# Google Books: A Translation Guide to 19th-century Polish-language Civil Registration].  
Frazin, Judith R. A ''Translation Guide to the 19-century Polish-language Civil-registration Documents: (Birth, Marriage and Death Records). 2nd ed.'' Northbrook, Illinois: The Jewish Genealogical Society of Illinois, 1989. (FS Library book 943.8 V27.) This book is now online at [http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA# Google Books: A Translation Guide to 19th-century Polish-language Civil Registration].  


To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use: [Http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA books.google.de/books]  
To read the Russian language records of this same area after 1868 use: [Http://books.google.de/books?id=qSEBjYeyUpAC&pg=PA154&lpg=PA books.google.de/books]  


Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed.'' Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FHL book 943.8 D27.)  
Shea, Jonathan D. ''Russian Language Documents from Russian Poland: a Translation Manual for Genealogists. 2nd ed.'' Buffalo Grove, Illinois: Genun, 1989. (FS Library book 943.8 D27.)  
 
The Polish Genealogical Word List published by the Family History Library is available at [http://204.9.225.220/eng/Search/rg/frameset_rhelps.asp?Page=./research/type/Word_List.asp FamilySearch:Research Helps].


Learning: Polish Language, Common Word Translations is [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~atpc/learn/tools/commonwords.html available online].  
Learning: Polish Language, Common Word Translations is [https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~atpc/genealogy/learn/tools/commonwords.html available online].


=== Language Characteristics  ===
=== Language Characteristics  ===
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==== Variant Forms of Words  ====
==== Variant Forms of Words  ====


In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries- married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.  
In Polish, as in English, the forms of some words will vary according to how they are used in a sentence. Who-whose-whom or marry-marries-married are examples of words in English with variant forms. In Polish any word may change, depending on usage. This word list gives the standard form of each Polish word. As you read Polish records, you will need to be aware that most words vary with usage.  


The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).  
The endings of words in a document will often differ from what you find in this list. For example, the document may use the word starego (old), but you will find it in this word list as stary (old).  
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#'''Instrumental case:''' this case is most often used with the preposition ''między'', meaning “with.” It is commonly seen in marriage records. Generally, it is an –''m'' ending on male names and an –''a'' ending on female names.  
#'''Instrumental case:''' this case is most often used with the preposition ''między'', meaning “with.” It is commonly seen in marriage records. Generally, it is an –''m'' ending on male names and an –''a'' ending on female names.  
#'''Prepositional case:''' This case is most often used with place names, especially in connection with the preposition ''w'', meaning “in.” There are many different prepositional endings, depending on the nature of the standard nominative ending of the place name. It is best to check a gazetteer or map to determine the nominative form.
#'''Prepositional case:''' This case is most often used with place names, especially in connection with the preposition ''w'', meaning “in.” There are many different prepositional endings, depending on the nature of the standard nominative ending of the place name. It is best to check a gazetteer or map to determine the nominative form.
 
<br>
For more detailed information about Polish grammar and additional examples of Polish grammar in genealogical documents, see the [[Media:Polish Paleography Seminar FHL 2019.pdf| '''Polish Paleography Seminar Handout - Grammar overview''']].


=== Additional Resources  ===
=== Additional Resources  ===


This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the Family History Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]].  
This word list includes words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Polish-English dictionary. Several Polish-English dictionaries are available at the FamilySearch Library in the European collection. Their call numbers begin with 491.85321. See [[Poland Encyclopedias and Dictionaries]].  


The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in Family History Centers:  
The following dictionary is available on microfilm for use in FamilySearch Centers:  


Stanisławski, Jan. ''English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary.''&nbsp; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FHL film 1,045,473, item 1)  
Stanisławski, Jan. ''English-Polish and Polish-English Dictionary.'' Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: David McKay, 1946. (FS Library film 1,045,473, item 1)  


Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the FamilySearch Catalog under:  
Additional dictionaries are listed in the Subject section of the FamilySearch Catalog under:  
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|-
|-
| birth  
| birth  
| urodzin, urodzony, urodzi,ł sie zrodzony
| urodzin, urodzony, urodził się, zrodzony
|-
|-
| burial  
| burial  
| pochowanie, pogrzeb
| pochówek, pochowanie, pogrzeb
|-
|-
| Catholic  
| Catholic  
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|-
|-
| death(s)  
| death(s)  
| zgon(ów), zejść, umarł , zmarł , śmierci
| zgon(ów), zejść, umarł, zmarł, śmierci
|-
|-
| father  
| father  
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|-
|-
| husband  
| husband  
| mąz, małżonek
| mąż, małżonek
|-
|-
| index  
| index  
| indeks, skorowidz, register, spis
| indeks, skorowidz, rejestr, spis
|-
|-
| Jewish  
| Jewish  
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|-
|-
| marriage  
| marriage  
| małżenstw(o), ślub(ów), zaślubionych
| małżeństw(o), ślub(ów), zaślubionych
|-
|-
| marriage banns  
| marriage banns  
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|-
|-
| wife  
| wife  
| żona, malłżonka, zamena, kobieżta
| żona, małżonka, zamężna, kobieta
|-
|-
| year  
| year  
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|}
|}


<br>  
<br>


== Numbers  ==
== Numbers  ==


In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. In dates, ordinal numbers usually end with '''''-ego''''', for example:  
In many genealogical records, numbers— especially dates—are spelled out. The following list gives the cardinal (1, 2, 3) and ordinal (1st, 2nd, 3rd) numbers. Dates are written in ordinal form. Because dates are formed using the genitive case, ordinal numbers usually end with '''''-ego''''', for example:  


{| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" align="center" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" align="center" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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| <br>  
| <br>  
| '''Ordinal'''
| '''Ordinal'''
| '''Ordinal in genitive case'''
|-
|-
| style="vertical-align:top" align="right" | 1 <br>2 <br>3 <br>4 <br>5 <br>6 <br>7 <br>8 <br>9 <br>10 <br>11 <br>12 <br>13 <br>14 <br>15 <br>16 <br>17 <br>18 <br>19 <br>20 <br>21 <br>22 <br>23 <br>24 <br>25 <br>26 <br>27 <br>28 <br>29 <br>30 <br>40 <br>50 <br>60 <br>70 <br>80 <br>90 <br>100 <br>200 <br>300 <br>400 <br>500 <br>600 <br>700 <br>800 <br>900 <br>1000  
| style="vertical-align:top" align="right" | 1 <br>2 <br>3 <br>4 <br>5 <br>6 <br>7 <br>8 <br>9 <br>10 <br>11 <br>12 <br>13 <br>14 <br>15 <br>16 <br>17 <br>18 <br>19 <br>20 <br>21 <br>22 <br>23 <br>24 <br>25 <br>26 <br>27 <br>28 <br>29 <br>30 <br>40 <br>50 <br>60 <br>70 <br>80 <br>90 <br>100 <br>200 <br>300 <br>400 <br>500 <br>600 <br>700 <br>800 <br>900 <br>1000  
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===Months===
===Months===


Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as ''13.VI.1864 ''instead of ''13.czerwca.1864''.  
Polish often abbreviates dates by using a Roman numeral for the month. For example, 13 June 1864 could be written as ''13.VI.1864 ''instead of ''13.czerwca.1864''. When dates are written out, months are in the genitive case.


{| width="40%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| width="40%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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| '''English'''  
| '''English'''  
| '''Polish'''
| '''Polish'''
| '''Polish (genitive case)'''
|-
|-
| I. <br>II. <br>III. <br>IV. <br>V. <br>VI. <br>VII <br>VIII. <br>IX <br>X. <br>XI. <br>XII.  
| I. <br>II. <br>III. <br>IV. <br>V. <br>VI. <br>VII <br>VIII. <br>IX <br>X. <br>XI. <br>XII.  
| January <br>February <br>March <br>April <br>May <br>June <br>July <br>August <br>September <br>October <br>November <br>December  
| January <br>February <br>March <br>April <br>May <br>June <br>July <br>August <br>September <br>October <br>November <br>December  
| styczeń <br> luty <br> marzec <br> kwiecień <br> maj <br> czerwiec <br> lipiec <br> sierpień <br> wrzesień <br> październik <br> listopad <br> grudzień
| stycznia <br>lutego <br>marca <br>kwietnia <br>maja <br>czerwca <br>lipca <br>sierpnia <br>września <br>października <br>listopada <br>grudnia
| stycznia <br>lutego <br>marca <br>kwietnia <br>maja <br>czerwca <br>lipca <br>sierpnia <br>września <br>października <br>listopada <br>grudnia
|}
|}
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{| width="302" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" height="181" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| width="302" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="0" height="181" class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
|-
| '''Polish '''<br>o godzinie drugiej <br>o godzinie siódmej <br>w nocy <br>południe/w południe <br>popołudniu/z południa <br>przed południem<br>północna godzina <br>rano/z rana <br>wieczorem/w wieczór
| '''Polish '''<br>rano/z rana <br> przed południem<br> południe/w południe <br> popołudniu/z południa <br> o godzinie drugiej <br> o godzinie siódmej <br> wieczorem/w wieczór <br> w nocy <br> północna godzina <br>
| '''English <br>'''at the 2nd hour <br>at the 7th hour <br>at night <br>noon <br>afternoon <br>forenoon <br>midnight <br>in the morning <br>in the evening&nbsp;
| '''English '''<br>in the morning <br> forenoon <br> noon <br>afternoon <br> at the 2nd hour <br>at the 7th hour <br>in the evening <br> at night <br> midnight  <br>
|}
|}
<br>
<br>


== General Word List  ==
== General Word List  ==


This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources.&nbsp; Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections prior to this list.  
This general word list includes words commonly seen in genealogical sources. Numbers, months, and days of the week are listed both here and in the separate sections prior to this list.  


In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses.&nbsp; Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase.&nbsp; Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.  
In this list, optional versions of Polish words or variable endings (such as some plural or feminine endings) are given in parentheses. Some Polish phrases and their translations are listed [in brackets] under the most significant Polish word, not the first word, of the phrase. Words in parentheses in the English column clarify the definition.  


{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
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{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" width="80%" align="center"
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders" border="0" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="5" width="80%" align="center"
|-
|-
| align="center" | '''Click&nbsp;the&nbsp;letter&nbsp;below&nbsp;to&nbsp;get&nbsp;to&nbsp;the&nbsp;words&nbsp;starting&nbsp;with&nbsp;that&nbsp;letter.'''
| align="center" | '''Click the letter below to get to the words starting with that letter.'''
|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=yes|side=yes|v=|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=yes|side=yes|v=|y=}}


|}
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== B  ===
=== B  ===
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|-
|-
| babka  
| babka  
| grandmother&nbsp;
| grandmother  
|-
|-
| bakalarz  
| bakalarz  
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| bezimienny  
| bezimienny  
| unnamed, nameless
| unnamed, nameless
|-
| bezżenny
| unmarried
|-
|-
| białoruski  
| białoruski  
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| confirmation
| confirmation
|-
|-
| bieżący<br>roku biezacego
| bieżący<br>roku bieżącego
| current<br>of the current year
| current<br>of the current year
|-
|-
| biskup  
| biskup  
| bishop&nbsp;
| bishop  
|-
|-
| blacharz  
| blacharz  
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}  


=== C  ===
=== C  ===
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== D  ===
=== D  ===
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| valley
| valley
|-
|-
| dom <br>&nbsp; [z domu]  
| dom <br> [z domu]  
| house <br>&nbsp; [maiden name, from the house of]
| house <br> [maiden name, from the house of]
|-
|-
| datąd  
| datąd  
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|-
|-
| dwadzieścia  
| dwadzieścia  
| tewnty
| twenty
|-
|-
| dwadzieścia dziewięć  
| dwadzieścia dziewięć  
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| dziad (dziadek)  
| dziad (dziadek)  
| grandfather, old man, beggar
| grandfather, old man, beggar
|-
| Dziad kościelny
| Church grandfather, church servant, watchman, minister
|-
|-
| dział  
| dział  
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}&nbsp;
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}  


=== E  ===
=== E  ===
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!'''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
!'''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
| gajowy
| gamekeeper, forester
|-
|-
| garbarz  
| garbarz  
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|}
|}


{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}  
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


=== H  ===
=== H  ===
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!'''Polish'''  
!'''Polish'''  
!'''English'''
!'''English'''
|-
| karczmarz
| innkeeper
|-
|-
| karta  
| karta  
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|-
|-
| kolonista  
| kolonista  
| around, near, by
| colonist, settler
|-
|-
| kolki
| koło
| colonist, settler
| near, close to, next to, by
|-
| kominiarz
| chimney sweep
|-
|-
| komornik  
| komornik  
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| [house of prayer, synagogue]
| [house of prayer, synagogue]
|-
|-
| mojzeszowy
| mojzeszowy; mojżeszowe
| Jewish
| Jewish
|-
|-
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| otrzymał  
| otrzymał  
| received  
| received  
|-
| owczarz
| shepherd
|-
|-
| owdowiałla  
| owdowiałla  
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| pełnoletność
| pełnoletność
| age of consent, legal age  
| age of consent, legal age  
|-
| pełnomocnictwo
| power of attorney, proxy
|-
|-
| piątek  
| piątek  
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| posiada  
| posiada  
| has, is in possession of
| has, is in possession of
|-
| posiadłość
| property, estate, place
|-
|-
|-
| poślubił  
| poślubił  
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| witness  
| witness  
|-
|-
| swięty
| święty
| holy  
| holy  
|-
|-
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| synowie  
| synowie  
| sons  
| sons  
|-
| szanowny
| honorable
|-
|-
| sześć  
| sześć  
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{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}
{{CompactTOC8|name=Words starting with|center=no|side=yes|y=}}


[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Word_List|Polish Language]] [[Category:Russia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Belarus|Polish Language]]  [[Category:Czech_Republic Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Slovakia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Ukraine Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Lithuania|Polish Language]]
[[Category:Poland Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Word_List|Polish Language]] [[Category:Russia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Belarus|Polish Language]]  [[Category:Czechia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Slovakia Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Ukraine Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]] [[Category:Lithuania|Polish Language]]
Hailey Thompson, AG®
Reviewer, editor, pagecreator
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