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===Kurdish | ==Description== | ||
*[ | The official language of Syria is [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic '''Arabic'''] and is the most widely spoken language in the country. Several modern Arabic dialects are used in everyday life, including [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantine_Arabic '''Levantine''' or '''Shami'''] in the west and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic '''Mesopotamian'''] in the northeast. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Syria," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Syria, accessed 3 May 2023.</ref> | ||
*[ | |||
*[https:// | The following languages are spoken in the country, in order of the number of speakers. None of these languages has official status: <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Syria," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Syria, accessed 3 May 2023.</ref> | ||
*[ | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_languages '''Kurdish'''] - The second most spoken language in Syria | ||
*[http://learn101.org/kurdish_grammar.php Kurdish grammar | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language '''Turkish'''] - The third most spoken language | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages '''Neo-Aramaic'''] | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circassian_languages '''Circassian'''] | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chechen_language '''Chechen] | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language '''Armenian'''] | |||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language '''Greek'''] | |||
'''English''' and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language '''French'''] are spoken by Syrian citizens in urban centers and the educated. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages of Syria," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Syria#Foreign_languages, accessed 3 May 2023.</ref> | |||
==Word List(s)== | |||
'''Modern Standard Arabic''' | |||
*[[Arabic Genealogical Word List|Arabic Genealogical Word List]] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic#:~:text=Common%20phrases Common phrases (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/arabic.php#:~:text=Useful%20Arabic%20phrases Useful Arabic phrases (Omniglot)] | |||
*[https://www.arabicpod101.com/blog/2018/02/03/top-100-basic-arabic-phrases-and-expressions/ Basic Arabic Phrases and Expressions (ArabicPod101)] | |||
'''Kurmanji Kurdish''' | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/kurdish-kurmanji.php Useful Kurmanji Kurdish phrases (Omniglot)] | |||
*[https://1000mostcommonwords.com/1000-most-common-kurdish-words/ 1000 Most Common Kurdish Words (1000mostcommonwords)] | |||
'''Turkish''' | |||
*[[Turkish Genealogical Word List|Turkish Genealogical Word List]] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/turkish.php Turkish phrases (Omniglot)] | |||
==Alphabet and Pronunciation== | |||
'''Modern Standard Arabic''' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_phonology Arabic Phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_phonology Modern Standard Arabic Alphabet (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_grammar Arabic grammar (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic.htm Arabic Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | |||
*[https://forvo.com/languages/ar/ Arabic Pronunciation Dictionary (Forvo)] | |||
'''Kurmanji Kurdish''' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_phonology Kurdish phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_grammar Kurdish grammar (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets Kurdish alphabets (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurdish.htm Kurdish Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | |||
*[http://learn101.org/kurdish_grammar.php Kurdish Grammar (Learn101)] | |||
'''Turkish''' | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_phonology Turkish phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_alphabet Turkish alphabet (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkish.htm Turkish Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | |||
==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | |||
'''Modern Standard Arabic''' | |||
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/arabic_dictionary.htm#:~:text=Arabic%20dictionary Arabic dictionary (Lexilogos)] | |||
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/ar English to Arabic Dictionary (Glosbe)] | |||
*[https://www.duolingo.com/course/ar/en/Learn-Arabic Learn Arabic (duolingo)] | |||
'''Kurmanji Kurdish''' | |||
*[[Kurdish Naming Customs|Kurdish Naming Customs]] | |||
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/kurdish_dictionary.htm Kurdish dictionary (Lexilogos)] | |||
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/ku English to Kurdish Kurmanji Dictionary (Glosbe)] | |||
*[https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/kurdish/ Kurdish (mustgo)] | |||
* Ekici, Deniz. ''Beginning Kurmanji Kurdish.'' Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, 2009. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/643385298 WorldCat]. | |||
* Omarkhali, Khanna. ''Kurdish reader.'' n.p.: Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, 2011. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/759907455 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Turkish''' | |||
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/turkish_dictionary.htm Turkish dictionary (Lexilogos)] | |||
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/tr English to Turkish Dictionary (Glosbe)] | |||
*[https://www.duolingo.com/course/tr/en/Learn-Turkish Learn Turkish (duolingo)] | |||
* Guise, John. ''The Turkish language explained for English speakers : a treatise on the Turkish language and its grammar for English speakers.'' Kawerau, New Zealand: John Guise, 2015. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/929879746 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Arabic ''' | |||
*معجم انساب قبائل الجزيرة العربية. ماجد ناصر الزبيدي. بيروت لبنان: الفرات, ٢٠١٠ | |||
*معجم قبائل العرب القديمة والحديثة. عمر رضا كحالة. دمشق سوريا: مؤسسة الرسالة ناشرون, ٢٠١١ | |||
'''German''' | |||
*''Register zu den Genealogischen Tabellen der Arabischen Stämme und Familien: Mit Historischen und Geographischen Bemerkungen.'' By Ferdinand Wüstenfeld. London: Reprint: Forgotten Books. | |||
==Additional Resources== | |||
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Syria Syria (Britannica)] | |||
==References== | |||
[[Category:Syria]] | |||
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