Yemen History: Difference between revisions

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Yemen

History

General History[edit | edit source]

Yemen is a developing country and the poorest country in the Middle East. Under the rule of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, Yemen was described by critics as a kleptocracy. According to the 2009 International Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International, Yemen ranked 164 out of 182 countries surveyed. In the absence of strong state institutions, elite politics in Yemen constituted a de facto form of collaborative governance, where competing tribal, regional, religious, and political interests agreed to hold themselves in check through tacit acceptance of the balance it produced. The informal political settlement was held together by a power-sharing deal among three men: President Saleh, who controlled the state; major general Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, who controlled the largest share of the Republic of Yemen Armed Forces; and Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar, figurehead of the Islamist al-Islah party and Saudi Arabia's chosen broker of transnational patronage payments to various political players, including tribal sheikhs.

Since 2011, Yemen has been in a state of political crisis starting with street protests against poverty, unemployment, corruption, and president Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's constitution and eliminate the presidential term limit, in effect making him president for life. President Saleh stepped down and the powers of the presidency were transferred to Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who was formally elected president on 21 February 2012 in a one-man election. The total absence of central government during this transitional process engendered the escalation of the several clashes on-going in the country, like the armed conflict between the Houthi rebels of Ansar Allah militia and the al-Islah forces, as well as the al-Qaeda insurgency.

In September 2014, the Houthis took over Sana'a with the help of the ousted president Saleh, later declaring themselves in control of the country after a coup d'état; Saleh was shot dead by a sniper in Sana'a in December 2017. This resulted in a new civil war and a Saudi Arabian-led military intervention aimed at restoring Hadi's government. At least 56,000 civilians and combatants have been killed in armed violence in Yemen since January 2016.

The conflict has resulted in a famine that is affecting 17 million people. The lack of safe drinking water, caused by depleted aquifers and the destruction of the country's water infrastructure, has also caused the world's worst outbreak of cholera, with the number of suspected cases exceeding 994,751. Over 2,226 people have died since the outbreak began to spread rapidly at the end of April 2017. In 2016 the United Nations reported that Yemen is the country with the most people in need of humanitarian aid in the world with 21.2 million.
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Timeline[edit | edit source]

1559 – 1962 Al-Mansur al-Qasim was an Imam of Yemen, who commenced the struggle to liberate Yemen from the Ottoman occupiers. He was the founder of a Zaidi kingdom that endured, under many vicissitudes, until 1962
1967 - The state of South Yemen was formed, comprising Aden and the former Protectorate of South Arabia. This socialist state was later officially known as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and a programme of nationalisation was begun
1972 - The two states fought a war. The war was resolved with a ceasefire and negotiations brokered by the Arab League, where it was declared that unification would eventually occur
renewed to bring about unification.[219] 1986 - Thousands were killed in the South Yemen Civil War
1990 - The two governments reached a full agreement on the joint governing of Yemen, and the countries were merged

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 ==General History==
-Yemen's history dates back to ancient times, with the region being home to several prosperous kingdoms such as Saba, Ma'in, and Himyar, which thrived from around the 12th century BCE to the 6th century CE. These kingdoms were known for their advanced irrigation systems and trade networks, particularly in frankincense and myrrh.
+Yemen is a developing country and the poorest country in the Middle East. Under the rule of President Ali Abdullah Saleh, Yemen was described by critics as a kleptocracy. According to the 2009 International Corruption Perceptions Index by Transparency International, Yemen ranked 164 out of 182 countries surveyed. In the absence of strong state institutions, elite politics in Yemen constituted a de facto form of collaborative governance, where competing tribal, regional, religious, and political interests agreed to hold themselves in check through tacit acceptance of the balance it produced. The informal political settlement was held together by a power-sharing deal among three men: President Saleh, who controlled the state; major general Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar, who controlled the largest share of the Republic of Yemen Armed Forces; and Abdullah ibn Husayn al-Ahmar, figurehead of the Islamist al-Islah party and Saudi Arabia's chosen broker of transnational patronage payments to various political players, including tribal sheikhs.
-Throughout its history, Yemen experienced periods of both independent and colonial rule. The Zaydi Imamate ruled large parts of Yemen from the 9th century until the 20th century. The [[Ottoman Empire Genealogy|Ottoman Empire]] first occupied parts of Yemen in the 16th century and reasserted control in the mid-19th century, ruling until the early 20th century. The [[England Genealogy|British]] established a protectorate over southern Yemen, including Aden, in 1839, which lasted until 1967. North Yemen gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1918, while South Yemen gained independence from British rule in 1967, leading to the unification of North and South Yemen in 1990.
+Since 2011, Yemen has been in a state of political crisis starting with street protests against poverty, unemployment, corruption, and president Saleh's plan to amend Yemen's constitution and eliminate the presidential term limit, in effect making him president for life. President Saleh stepped down and the powers of the presidency were transferred to Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who was formally elected president on 21 February 2012 in a one-man election. The total absence of central government during this transitional process engendered the escalation of the several clashes on-going in the country, like the armed conflict between the Houthi rebels of Ansar Allah militia and the al-Islah forces, as well as the al-Qaeda insurgency.
-Yemen has seen significant waves of [[Yemen Emigration and Immigration|immigration and emigration]]. Historically, Yemen has been a transit point for migrants from the Horn of Africa seeking better opportunities in the Gulf countries. In recent decades, Yemen has experienced tremendous humanitarian crisis' which have been exacerbated by the civil war in 2015. Many Yemenis have emigrated due to economic challenges and conflicts, with significant populations settling in [[Saudi Arabia Genealogy|Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates Genealogy|United Arab Emirates]], and the [[United States Genealogy|United States]].
+In September 2014, the Houthis took over Sana'a with the help of the ousted president Saleh, later declaring themselves in control of the country after a coup d'état; Saleh was shot dead by a sniper in Sana'a in December 2017. This resulted in a new civil war and a Saudi Arabian-led military intervention aimed at restoring Hadi's government. At least 56,000 civilians and combatants have been killed in armed violence in Yemen since January 2016.
-Despite these challenges, the rich Yemeni cultural heritage includes its resilience, hospitality, music, dance, family relationships, and cultural celebrations.<ref>"Yemen," Wikipedia, last updated 3 December 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen.</ref>
+The conflict has resulted in a famine that is affecting 17 million people. The lack of safe drinking water, caused by depleted aquifers and the destruction of the country's water infrastructure, has also caused the world's worst outbreak of cholera, with the number of suspected cases exceeding 994,751. Over 2,226 people have died since the outbreak began to spread rapidly at the end of April 2017. In 2016 the United Nations reported that Yemen is the country with the most people in need of humanitarian aid in the world with 21.2 million.
+<br>
+[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen]
+==Timeline==
+– 1962 Al-Mansur al-Qasim  was an Imam of Yemen, who commenced the struggle to liberate Yemen from the Ottoman occupiers. He was the founder of a Zaidi kingdom that endured, under many vicissitudes, until 1962<br>
+- The state of South Yemen was formed, comprising Aden and the former Protectorate of South Arabia. This socialist state was later officially known as the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and a programme of nationalisation was begun<br>
+- The two states fought a war. The war was resolved with a ceasefire and negotiations brokered by the Arab League, where it was declared that unification would eventually occur<br>
+renewed to bring about unification.[219]
+- Thousands were killed in the South Yemen Civil War<br>
+- The two governments reached a full agreement on the joint governing of Yemen, and the countries were merged<br>
-== Timeline ==
-* '''12th century BCE''' - '''6th century CE''' Prosperous kingdoms such as Saba, Ma'in, and Himyar thrive in Yemen, known for advanced irrigation systems and trade networks in frankincense and myrrh.
-* '''630 CE''' Arrival of Islam in Yemen.
-* '''9th century - 20th century''' The Zaydi Imamate rules large parts of Yemen.
-* '''16th century''' The [[Ottoman Empire Genealogy|Ottoman Empire]] first occupies parts of Yemen.
-* '''1597''' Al-Mansur al-Qasim proclaims the Zaidi Imamate and begins the struggle to liberate Yemen from Ottoman rule
-* '''Mid-19th century''' '''- early 20th century''': The Ottomans reassert control over Yemen.
-* '''1839''' The [[England Genealogy|British]] establish a protectorate over southern Yemen, including Aden.
-* '''1918''' North Yemen gains independence from the Ottoman Empire.
-* '''1967''' South Yemen gains independence from British rule.
-* '''1990''' Unification of North and South Yemen to form the Republic of Yemen.
-* '''21st century''' Significant waves of [[Yemen Emigration and Immigration|migration]] to [[Saudi Arabia Genealogy|Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates Genealogy|United Arab Emirates]], and the [[United States Genealogy|United States]] due to economic challenges and conflicts
-* '''2015''' Escalation of the civil war, leading to a severe humanitarian crisis.
-==Resources==
-===Online Resources===
-*''al- Iklīl min akhbār al-Yaman wa-ansāb Ḥimyar'' by Hamdānī, al-Ḥasan ibn Aḥmad. Dimashq:Maṭbaʻat Jāmiʻat Dimashq, 1960. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/nyu_aco001050 New York University]; Famous historical text on the history, culture, language, and genealogies of Yemen, especially concerning the pre-Islamic era.
-**.الإكليل من أخباراليمن وأنساب حمير .الحسن بن أحمد الهمداني دمش:مطبعة جامعة دمشق ,1960
-*''Muqaddimat tārīkh al-ʻArab al-ḥadīth 1500-1918'' by Gharāybah, ʻAbd al-Karīm Maḥmūd. Dimashq:Maṭbaʻat Jāmiʻat Dimashq, 1960. '''''Online at:''''' [https://dlib.nyu.edu/aco/book/nyu_aco001050 New York University]; Modern history of the Arabs, with focus on Iraq and the Arabian Peninsula.
-**.مقدمة تاريخ العرب 1500-1918 الحديث .عبد الكريم محمود الغرايبة دمش:مطبعة جامعة دمشق ,1960
-== References ==
 [[Category:Yemen]]
 [[Category:Histories]]