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{{Scotland-sidebar}}{{breadcrumb
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|Name=Scotland
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|Topic Type=Background
|Background=Languages
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=== Handwriting  ===
Handwriting styles have changed over time. In early records, the handwriting is quite different from what it is today.  Visit [[Scotland Handwriting|Scotland Handwriting]] in  Research Topics.
=== Abbreviations  ===
Abbreviations are common in early handwriting. When recorders left letters out of a word, they indicated the fact by using various marks, such as a period, a colon, a tail on the last letter of the word, a curvy line over the word, or a raised letter at the end of the word. Abbreviations can be indicated in many ways, and it is important to study individual writers to see how they made abbreviations.
In Scottish church records, ministers often used only the first letter of the words, for example:
L.S. = lawful son
L.D. = lawful daughter
N.S. = natural son
N.D. = natural daughter
ch. = child
Ch. N. = child named
N. = named
Instead of writing the words father, mother, witness, son, or daughter, the minister may have used f, m, w, s, or other letters.
===Yogh===
Yogh (ȝogh) is an old letter which may be encountered when looking at some very old documents. It resembles the number 3 or a cursive Z. This represents a "y" sound.
Later the yogh was turned into Y. It  ended up fossilised as a Z in some words and names. McKenzie and Menzies, for example would have originally been written with a yogh, i.e. McKenȝie and Menȝies.
=== Dates  ===
Dates, instead of being numerical, are sometimes referred to by the name of the feast day or by one of the terms listed below:
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| Term
| Meaning
| current, instant
| Same month (Sometimes used to mean "within 30 days" or a month.)
|-
| proximo
| next month
|-
| ultimo
| last month
|-
| penultimate day, penult day
| the day before the last day of the month
|-
| jajvii, jmjvii, mvii
| indicates the century, such as 1700s
|-
| eodem tempore, eod tempore
| at the same time (the same date)
|-
| eodem die, eod die, E.D.
| the same day
|-
| Gods die
| God’s day, the Sabbath
|-
| Feb 1st Sabbath
| Exact day of month not stated
|-
| Feb 2nd Sabbath
| Event took place in Feb on the 1st, 2nd, or  (whatever) Sabbath in the month
|}
==Language resources==
=== Scottish Dictionaries  ===
To find definitions for other words that are unfamiliar to you, you can use one of several Scottish dictionaries:
Craigie, Sir William A. ''A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue, from the Twelfth Century to the End of the Seventeenth''. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1937-. (FamilySearch Library{{FSC|403.41 Sco87c|disp=book 403.41 Sco87c.)}}
Dwelly, Edward ''Faclair Gàidhlig gu Beurla le Dealbhan/The Illustrated Gaelic–English Dictionary'' (various editions)
Graham, William. ''The Scots Word Book''. 3rd rev. ed. Edinburgh, Scotland: Ramsey Head Press, 1980. (FamilySearch Library {{FSC|185380|title-id|disp=book 427.9411 G76s}} 1980.)
Jamieson, John. ''A Dictionary of the Scottish Language.'' Edinburgh, Scotland: William Tait, 1866. (FamilySearch Library {{FSC|120119|title-id|disp=book 427.941 J242j}}.)
Warrack, Alexander. ''A Scots Dialect Dictionary''. London, England: W. & R. Chambers, 1911. (FS Library book 427.9411 W25s.)
Robinson, Mairi, ed. ''The Concise Scots Dictionary''. Oxford, England: Aberdeen University Press, 1985. (Family Hhistory Library {{FSC|188877|title-id|disp=book 427.9411 C748c}}.)


==Description==
==Description==
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==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Dictionaries'''
'''Dictionaries'''
* Speitel, Pauline Cairns. ''Concise Scots dictionary.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1013179107 WorldCat].
* Speitel, Pauline Cairns. ''Concise Scots dictionary.'' Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2017. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1013179107 WorldCat].
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* Robertson, Boyd and Ian MacDonald. ''Essential Gaelic dictionary.'' London: Hodder Education, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/811402877 WorldCat].
* Robertson, Boyd and Ian MacDonald. ''Essential Gaelic dictionary.'' London: Hodder Education, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/811402877 WorldCat].
* Gutt-Mostowy, Jan, Miroslaw Lipiński, and Tadeusz Gromada. ''Highlander Polish-English/English-Highlander Polish dictionary.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, 1995. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/33346264 WorldCat].
* Gutt-Mostowy, Jan, Miroslaw Lipiński, and Tadeusz Gromada. ''Highlander Polish-English/English-Highlander Polish dictionary.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, 1995. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/33346264 WorldCat].
* Craigie, William A. ''A dictionary of the older Scottish tongue : from the twelfth century to the end of the seventeenth.'' Chicago, London: Oxford University Press, 2002. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/770465 WorldCat].
* Dwelly, Edward. ''The illustrated Gaelic-English dictionary.'' Glasgow: Akerbeltz, 2011. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/793814319 WorldCat].
* Graham, William. ''The Scots word book - Third revised edition.'' Edinburgh: Ramsay Head Press, 1980. '''''Available at:''''' [URL WorldCat].
* Warrack, Alexander. ''A Scot's dialect dictionary.'' London: W. & R. Chambers, Limited, 1911. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/997604 WorldCat].
* Robinson, Mairi. ''Concise Scots dictionary.'' Edinburgh: Polygon, 1999. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/43969144 WorldCat].


'''Online Dictionaries'''
'''Online Dictionaries'''
* [https://dsl.ac.uk/ Dictionaries of the Scots Language] - DSL
* [https://glosbe.com/en/sco Dictionary English - Scots] - Glosbe
* [https://glosbe.com/en/sco Dictionary English - Scots] - Glosbe
* [https://dsl.ac.uk/ Dictionaries of the Scots Language] - DSL
* [https://glosbe.com/en/gd Dictionary English - Scottish Gaelic] - Glosbe
* [https://glosbe.com/en/gd Dictionary English - Scottish Gaelic] - Glosbe
* [http://www.faclair.ac.uk/ Dictionary of the Scottish Gaelic Language] at Faclair na Gàidhlig — index & images ($)
* [https://www.dwelly.info/ Gaelic Dictionary] - Dwelly
* [https://www.dwelly.info/ Gaelic Dictionary] - Dwelly
* [https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/faclair/sbg/lorg.php Stor Data Briathrachas] - SMO
* [https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/faclair/sbg/lorg.php Stor Data Briathrachas] - SMO


'''Language Aids'''
'''Language Aids'''
* [https://dasg.ac.uk/corpus/ Corpas na Gàidhlig (Scottish Gaelic Documents)] at DASG — index & images ($)
* Maolalaigh, Roibeard Ó. ''Scottish Gaelic in twelve weeks.'' Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2015. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/949175258 WorldCat].
* Maolalaigh, Roibeard Ó. ''Scottish Gaelic in twelve weeks.'' Edinburgh: Birlinn, 2015. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/949175258 WorldCat].
* Purves, David. ''A Scots grammar : Scots grammar and usage.'' Edinburgh: Saltire Society, 2002. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/49872271 WorldCat].
* Purves, David. ''A Scots grammar : Scots grammar and usage.'' Edinburgh: Saltire Society, 2002. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/49872271 WorldCat].
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* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography] - Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_phonology_and_orthography Scottish Gaelic phonology and orthography] - Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar Scottish Gaelic grammar] - Wikipedia
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar Scottish Gaelic grammar] - Wikipedia
This is a general glossary of genealogical terms and includes terms for Scotland. Select the letter the term begins with.
<br>A  [[B genealogical glossary terms|B]]  [[C genealogical glossary terms|C]]  [[D genealogical glossary terms|D]]  [[E genealogical glossary terms|E]]  [[F genealogical glossary terms|F]]  [[G genealogical glossary terms|G]]  [[H genealogical glossary terms|H]]  I  [[J genealogical glossary terms|J]]  [[K genealogical glossary terms|K]]  L  M  N  O [[P -- genealogical glossary of terms| P]]  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z


==Additional Resources==
==Additional Resources==
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* [https://omniglot.com/writing/gaelic.htm Scottish Gaelic Language] - Omniglot
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/gaelic.htm Scottish Gaelic Language] - Omniglot
* [https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/english.html List of Gaelic resources]- SMO
* [https://www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/english.html List of Gaelic resources]- SMO
* [https://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots language Society - Scots Language Centre
* [https://www.scotslanguage.com/ Scots language Society] - Scots Language Centre
* [https://fdp.gaidhlig.scot/en/community/main-gaelic-groups/ Gaelic language groups] - Gàidhlig
* [https://fdp.gaidhlig.scot/en/community/main-gaelic-groups/ Gaelic language groups] - Gàidhlig
* [https://gaidhligdumgal.org/information-2/ Cùrsaichean - Gaelic Courses] - gaidhligdumgal
* [https://gaidhligdumgal.org/information-2/ Cùrsaichean - Gaelic Courses] - gaidhligdumgal


'''Details on Scots language'''<br>
'''Details on Scots language'''<br>
The Scots language is the language of the Scottish Lowlands, Caithness, and the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland). It is closely related to standard English, and there is a long running, heated debate as to whether it is a dialect or a language in its own right. It is not to be confused with Gaelic, although there has been some mutual influence.
The Scots language is the language of the Scottish Lowlands, Caithness, and the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland). It is closely related to standard English, and there is a long-running, heated debate as to whether it is a dialect or a language in its own right. It is not to be confused with Gaelic, although there has been some mutual influence.


The Scots language goes by many different names. It is often called Broad/Braid Scots or Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Gaelic. In the north east especially, it is often referred to as Doric. In Buchan, it is known as the Claik, and in Glasgow as the Patter. In older writings, it is often referred to as Scottis, or as Scotch, although the term "Scotch" is not liked by many Scots today.
The Scots language goes by many different names. It is often called Broad/Braid Scots or Lowland Scots to distinguish it from Gaelic. In the northeast especially, it is often referred to as Doric. In Buchan, it is known as the Claik, and in Glasgow as the Patter. In older writings, it is often referred to as Scottis, or as Scotch, although the term "Scotch" is not liked by many Scots today.


Many Scots words can be found in older documents, as it was written down more frequently than Gaelic. It is common for Scots to use the dimunitive, e.g. James frequently becomes Jamie, Robert becomes Rab or Rabbie etc. This is done more often than in standard English and is not frowned upon.
Many Scots words can be found in older documents, as it was written down more frequently than Gaelic. It is common for Scots to use the diminutive, e.g. James frequently becomes Jamie, Robert becomes Rab or Rabbie etc. This is done more often than in standard English and is not frowned upon.


Scots has no legal status, and there are no reliable figures for how many people speak it. However, it is much more common to hear it in Scotland than Gaelic. Due to its similarity with English, there is considerable debate as to what constitutes Scots as well.
Scots has no legal status, and there are no reliable figures for how many people speak it. However, it is much more common to hear it in Scotland than Gaelic. Due to its similarity with English, there is considerable debate as to what constitutes Scots as well.
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'''Handwriting'''<br>
'''Handwriting'''<br>
Handwriting styles have changed over time. In early records, the handwriting is quite different from what it is today.&nbsp; Visit [[Scotland Handwriting|Scotland Handwriting]] in&nbsp; Research Topics.  
Handwriting styles have changed over time. In early records, the handwriting is quite different from what it is today. Visit [[Scotland Handwriting|Scotland Handwriting]] in Research Topics.  


'''Scottish Records Abbreviations'''<br>
'''Scottish Records Abbreviations'''<br>
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'''The old letter Yogh'''<br>
'''The old letter Yogh'''<br>
Yogh (ȝogh) is an old letter that may be encountered when looking at some very old documents. It resembles the number 3 or a cursive Z. This represents a "y" sound. Later the yogh was turned into Y. It ended up fossilized as a Z in some words and names. McKenzie and Menzies, for example, would have originally been written with a yogh, i.e. McKenȝie and Menȝies.
Yogh (ȝogh) is an old letter that may be encountered when looking at some very old documents. It resembles the number 3 or a cursive Z. This represents a "y" sound. Later the yogh was turned into Y. It ended up fossilized as a Z in some words and names. McKenzie and Menzies, for example, would have originally been written with a yogh, i.e. McKenȝie and Menȝies.
'''Dates'''<br>
Dates, instead of being numerical, are sometimes referred to by the name of the feast day or by one of the terms listed below:
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| Term
| Meaning
|-
| current, instant
| Same month (Sometimes used to mean "within 30 days" or a month.)
|-
| proximo
| next month
|-
| ultimo
| last month
|-
| penultimate day, penult day
| the day before the last day of the month
|-
| jajvii, jmjvii, mvii
| indicates the century, such as 1700s
|-
| eodem tempore, eod tempore
| at the same time (the same date)
|-
| eodem die, eod die, E.D.
| the same day
|-
| Gods die
| God’s day, the Sabbath
|-
| Feb 1st Sabbath
| Exact day of month not stated
|-
| Feb 2nd Sabbath
| Event took place in Feb on the 1st, 2nd, or  (whatever) Sabbath in the month
|}


== References  ==
== References  ==
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