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==Online Resources== | ==Online Resources== | ||
*[[Calendar Changes - International Institute|Calendar Changes]] between the Julian and the Gregorian calendars | *[[Genealogical Feast Day Calendars]] - Julian and Gregorian | ||
**[[Calendar Changes - International Institute|Calendar Changes]] between the Julian and the Gregorian calendars | |||
*[[Lutheran Liturgical Calendar|Lutheran Liturgical Calendar]] | |||
*[[Date Calculator|Date Calculator]] | *[[Date Calculator|Date Calculator]] | ||
*[[Birth and Death Date Calculators|Birth and Death Date Calculators]] | |||
*[http://www.searchforancestors.com/utility/age.html Age calculator] | |||
*[http://www.searchforancestors.com/utility/birthday.html Tombstone birthday calculator] | |||
*[http://www.searchforancestors.com/utility/dayofweek.html Day of the week calculator] | |||
*[http://www.searchforancestors.com/utility/easter.html Easter Sunday calculator] | |||
===Resources by Location=== | ===Resources by Location=== | ||
*[[Denmark | *[[Denmark Dates and Calendars|Denmark Dates and Calendars]] | ||
*[[Norway | *[[Norway Dates and Calendars|Norway Dates and Calendars]] | ||
*[[Sweden Feast Day Calendars| | *[[Sweden Dates and Calendars|Sweden Dates and Calendars]] | ||
*[[Bulgaria Dates and Calendars|Bulgaria Dates and Calendars]] | |||
*[[Moveable and Fixed Feast Day Calendars for Germany|Germany Feast Day Calendars]] | |||
*[[England Calendar Changes|England Calendar Changes]] | |||
*[[French Republican Calendar|French Republican Calendar]] | |||
*[https://www.mandarintools.com/calendar.html Western-Chinese Calendar Converter] | *[https://www.mandarintools.com/calendar.html Western-Chinese Calendar Converter] | ||
*[https://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/ Conversion between Chinese and Western Calendar in Two Thousand Years] - 兩千年中西曆轉換 - February 11, 1 AD to January 29, 2101 | |||
*[http://www.mandarintools.com/calendar.html Convert Chinese dates] | |||
*[http://www.morchslaegt.dk/bauers/bauer.htm Latin date converter] - For Iceland | |||
*[[Soviet Calendar|Calendar: Soviet]] | |||
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The calendar was initially met with resistance from some countries, particularly Protestant countries, who saw it as a symbol of Catholic authority. However, over time, the calendar was adopted by more and more countries, and it is now the most widely used calendar in the world. | The calendar was initially met with resistance from some countries, particularly Protestant countries, who saw it as a symbol of Catholic authority. However, over time, the calendar was adopted by more and more countries, and it is now the most widely used calendar in the world. | ||
For years that each country adopted the Gregorian calendar, see [[Julian and Gregorian Calendars|Julian and Gregorian Calendars]]. | |||
==Julian Calendar== | |||
The Julian calendar, introduced by Julius Caesar in 45 BC, marked a major advancement in timekeeping. This solar calendar, based on the Earth's revolution around the sun, replaced the previously used Roman calendar, which was inaccurate and inconsistent. | |||
<br> | |||
Key feature of the Julian calendar include: | |||
*'''365 days:''' The Julian calendar is a solar calendar, consisting of 365 days in a common year and 366 days in a leap year. | |||
*'''12 months:''' The year is divided into 12 months, with varying lengths ranging from 28 to 31 days. | |||
**Names of the 12 months in order are: Ianuarius, Februarius, Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Iunius, Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December. | |||
*'''Leap day:''' February gains an extra day in leap years, making it 29 days instead of 28. | |||
'''History'''<bR> | |||
Prior to the Julian calendar, the Roman calendar was based on lunar cycles and had only 355 days. This led to significant discrepancies with the solar year, resulting in seasonal misalignments and calendar adjustments being necessary every few years. Recognizing these inaccuracies, Julius Caesar, with the help of the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria, introduced the Julian calendar. This new system incorporated a leap year every four years, ensuring that the calendar year remained closely aligned with the solar year. The Julian calendar proved to be a major improvement, offering greater accuracy and predictability. It quickly gained widespread adoption throughout the Roman Empire and eventually much of the Western world. | |||
Despite its accuracy, the Julian calendar still had a slight discrepancy with the solar year. This discrepancy, amounting to about 11 minutes per year, accumulated over time, leading to a gradual shift in the calendar's alignment with the seasons. | |||
==Jewish Calendar== | ==Jewish Calendar== | ||
The Jewish calendar, also known as the Hebrew calendar, is a blend of lunar and solar cycles, with a history dating back thousands of years. It is used by Jewish communities worldwide for religious purposes and to determine the dates of festivals and holidays. The year 5784 on the Jewish calendar began on September 16, 2023. | The Jewish calendar, also known as the Hebrew calendar, is a blend of lunar and solar cycles, with a history dating back thousands of years. It is used by Jewish communities worldwide for religious purposes and to determine the dates of festivals and holidays. The year 5784 on the Jewish calendar began on September 16, 2023. | ||
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==Chinese Calendar== | ==Chinese Calendar== | ||
The Chinese calendar, also known as the Lunisolar calendar, is a system that has been used in China for centuries. It is based on the cycles of the moon and the sun, creating a unique calendar that differs significantly from the Gregorian calendar used in most parts of the world. The Chinese calendar is used to determine the dates of all major holidays and festivals, including Chinese New Year, Lantern Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival. It also plays a role in traditional Chinese medicine, astrology, and other cultural practices. The Chinese calendar remains an important part of Chinese identity and heritage, and many people continue to use it alongside the Gregorian calendar in daily life. The year 4720 on the Chinese calendar began on February 5, 2023. | The Chinese calendar, also known as the Lunisolar calendar, is a system that has been used in China for centuries. It is based on the cycles of the moon and the sun, creating a unique calendar that differs significantly from the Gregorian calendar used in most parts of the world. The Chinese calendar is used to determine the dates of all major holidays and festivals, including Chinese New Year, Lantern Festival, and Dragon Boat Festival. It also plays a role in traditional Chinese medicine, astrology, and other cultural practices. The Chinese calendar remains an important part of Chinese identity and heritage, and many people continue to use it alongside the Gregorian calendar in daily life.<br> | ||
The year 4720 on the Chinese calendar began on February 5, 2023. This pertains to the sexagenary cycle, which combines the 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches. This cycle repeats every 60 years. | |||
Key features of the Chinese calendar include: | Key features of the Chinese calendar include: | ||
*'''12 months:''' The year consists of 12 lunar months, each with 29 or 30 days. | *'''12 months:''' The year consists of 12 lunar months, each with 29 or 30 days. | ||
*'''Intercalary months:''' Intercalary months are added seven times every 19 years to keep the calendar aligned with the solar year. | **The modern names of the lunar months are: 正月; zhēngyuè; 'first month', 二月; èryuè; 'second month', 三月; sānyuè; 'third month', 四月; sìyuè; 'fourth month', 五月; wǔyuè; 'fifth month', 六月; liùyuè; 'sixth month', 七月; qīyuè; 'seventh month', 八月; bāyuè; 'eighth month', 九月; jiǔyuè; 'ninth month', 十月; shíyuè; 'tenth month', 冬月; dōngyuè; 'eleventh month', and 臘月; 腊月; làyuè; 'end-of-year month'. | ||
*'''Intercalary months:''' Intercalary months are added seven times every 19 years to keep the calendar aligned with the solar year. Intercalary months are added in years with a new moon falling between the winter solstice and the following spring equinox. | |||
*'''Gan-Zhi cycle:''' The 60-year Gan-Zhi cycle plays an important role in the calendar and is used to name years, predict fortunes, and choose auspicious dates for important events. Each year in the cycle is associated with a specific animal, forming the famous 12-animal zodiac. | *'''Gan-Zhi cycle:''' The 60-year Gan-Zhi cycle plays an important role in the calendar and is used to name years, predict fortunes, and choose auspicious dates for important events. Each year in the cycle is associated with a specific animal, forming the famous 12-animal zodiac. | ||
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The Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) further refined the calendar, introducing the 60-year cycle known as the Gan-Zhi system, which combines 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches to create unique combinations for each year. | The Han Dynasty (206 BCE-220 CE) further refined the calendar, introducing the 60-year cycle known as the Gan-Zhi system, which combines 10 Heavenly Stems and 12 Earthly Branches to create unique combinations for each year. | ||
The Chinese calendar continued to evolve through the centuries, with various emperors and dynasties making adjustments and refinements. The modern Chinese calendar, officially known as the "Xia calendar," was adopted in 1949 and is still used today. | The Chinese calendar continued to evolve through the centuries, with various emperors and dynasties making adjustments and refinements. The modern Chinese calendar, officially known as the "Xia calendar," was adopted in 1949 and is still used today. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
[[Category:Dates and Calendars]][[Category:Calendars]] | [[Category:Dates and Calendars]][[Category:Calendars]] | ||
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