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[[File:Agra, India.jpg|400px|center]]
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==Online Resources==
*[http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/indiaofficeselect/welcome.asp India Office] - catalogues of private papers, prints etc.
==History==
==History==
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto Indian lands about 1500 BC; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century.  
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated onto Indian lands about 1500 BC; their merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture. Arab incursions starting in the 8th century and Turkish in the 12th were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late 15th century.  


By the mid- to late 18th century, Britain's Honourable East India Company (HEIC or EIC) had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. (See "[[British Presence in India]]"). The HEIC controlled virtually all trade with India and performed all the functions of government until the Government of India Act of 1858, when full control was assumed by Queen Victoria as Empress of India.  
By the mid- to late 18th century, Britain's Honourable East India Company had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. The Honourable East India Company controlled virtually all trade with India and performed all the functions of government until the Government of India Act of 1858, when full control was assumed by Queen Victoria as Empress of India.
 
Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led to independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan.  


Indian armed forces in the British army played a vital role in both World Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism led by Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU brought independence in 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of India and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan.  
A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India India]</ref>


A third war between the two countries in 1971 resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, India faces pressing problems such as the ongoing dispute with Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife.
*[[Genealogical Records of Medieval India|Genealogical Records of Medieval India]]


For fuller treatment of the history of India from a British perspective, see Wikipedia. <br>


''You may be interested in listening to [https://www.familysearch.org/learningcenter/lesson/hidden-women-uncovering-the-veil-of-silence-during-the-partition-of-punjab-india-1947/296 "Hidden Women: Uncovering the Veil of Silence During the Partition of Punjab, India 1947" ]at the FamilySearch Learning Center.''
== Significant Events in the 19th & 20th Centuries ==
1846 - 1885 Historians consider India's modern age to have begun sometime during this time period<br>
1917 - Approximately one million Indians served in World War I<br>
1947 - Mountbatten Plan partitions the British Indian Empire into the states of India and Pakistan<br>
1950 - Vital to India's self-image as an independent nation was its constitution which put in place a secular and democratic republic<br>
1971 - A third war between India and Pakistan results in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh


<br>
=== Ancient Empires ===
==Timeline==
{| class="wikitable" width="60%"
<br><Br>
! Years !! Event
{| width="85%"
|-
|-
|  
| 2500 -1600 BC || Indus Valley Culture
| <center>'''ANCIENT EMPIRES'''</center>
|-
|-
| '''2500 -<br>1600 BC'''
| 1500 -500 BC || Migrations of Aryan-speaking tribes; The Vedic Age
| Indus Valley Culture
|-
|-
| '''1500 - <br>500 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1000 BC || Settlement of Bengal by Davidian-speaking peoples
| Migrations of Aryan-speaking tribes; The Vedic Age
|-
|-
| '''1000 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| 600 BC || Territorial states emerge: Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara
| Settlement of Bengal by Davidian-speaking peoples<br>
|-
|-
| '''600 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| 500 BC || Most of northern India inhabited
| Territorial states emerge: Magadha, Kosala, Kuru, and Gandhara&nbsp;<br>
|-
|-
| '''500 BC<br>'''
| 563 -483 BC || Life of Siddartha Gautama - the Buddha; founding of Buddhism
|  
Most of northern India inhabited
 
|-
|-
| '''563 - <br>483 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| 320 BC −550 AD || Gupta Empire: Classical Age of a united India (confined mostly to the north)
| Life of Siddartha Gautama - the Buddha; founding of Buddhism<br>
|-
|-
| '''320 BC <span>−</span><br>550 AD'''<br>
| 326 BC || Alexander the Great's Indus Campaign, fusing several Indo-Greek elements
|  
Gupta Empire: Classical Age of a united India (confined mostly to the north)
 
|-
|-
| '''326 BC'''<br>
| 326 -184 BC || Mauryan Empire; reign of Ashoka (269-232 BC); spread of Buddhism: First Indian imperial power
|  
Alexander the Great's Indus Campaign, fusing several Indo-Greek elements
 
|-
|-
| '''326 - <br>184 BC'''&nbsp;<br>
| 180 BC -150 AD  || Shaka dynastics in Indus Valley
| Mauryan Empire; reign of Ashoka (269-232 BC); spread of Buddhism: First Indian imperial power<br>
|-
|-
| '''180 BC -<br>150 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 100 BC −300 AD || Deccan Indian Kingdoms: Power decentralized in the hands of local chieftains
| Shaka dynastics in Indus Valley<br>
|-
|-
| '''100 BC <span>−</span>300 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 606 -47  || North Indian empire of Harsha
|  
Deccan Indian Kingdoms: Power decentralized in the hands of local chieftains
 
|-
|-
| '''606 - <br>47 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 711  || Arab invaders conquer Sindh, establish Islamic presence in India
| North Indian empire of Harsha<br>
|-
|-
| '''711 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 750 -1150  || Pala Dynasty
| Arab invaders conquer Sindh, establish Islamic presence in India&nbsp;<br>
|-
|-
| '''750 -<br>1150 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1150 -1202 || Sena Dynasty
| Pala Dynasty<br>
|}
 
=== Growth of Islam ===
{| class="wikitable" width="79%"
! Years !! Event
|-
|-
| '''1150 -<br>1202 AD<br>'''
| 997 -1027 || Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan
| Sena Dynasty<br>
|-
|-
|  
| 1202 || Turkish conquerors defeat Sena Dynasty and overrun Bengal
| <center>&nbsp;'''GROWTH OF ISLAM'''</center>
|-
|-
| '''997 -<br>1027'''&nbsp;'''AD'''<br>
| 1206 -1398 || Delhi Sultanate
| Mahmud of Ghazni raids Indian subcontinent from Afghanistan<br>
|-
|-
| '''1202 AD'''
| 1336 −1527 || Southern Dynasties in India establish rule
|  
Turkish conquerors defeat Sena Dynasty and overrun Bengal
 
|-
|-
| '''1206 -<br>1398 AD<br>'''
| 1398 || Timur sacks Delhi
|  
Delhi Sultanate
 
|-
|-
| '''1336 <span>−</span><br>1527 AD'''<br>
| 1414 -1450 || Sayyid Dynasty; renewal of Delhi Sultanate
|  
Southern Dynasties in India establish rule
 
|-
|-
| '''1398 AD<br>'''
| 1451 -1526 || Lodi Dynasty
|  
|}
Timur sacks Delhi
=== The Mughal Period ===
 
{| class="wikitable" width="79%"
! Years !! Event
|-
|-
| '''1414 -<br>1450 AD'''
| 1526 || Babur lays foundation of Mughal Empire; wins First Battle of Panipat
|  
Sayyid Dynasty; renewal of Delhi Sultanate
 
|-
|-
| '''1451 - <br>1526 AD<br>'''
| 1556 -1605  || Akbar expands and reforms the empire; Mughals win Second Battle of Panipat
|  
Lodi Dynasty
 
|-
|-
|  
| 1600 || East India Company granted British Crown charter with exclusive rights to India
| <center>'''THE MUGHAL PERIOD'''</center>
|-
|-
| '''1526 AD'''
| 1605 -1627  || Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory)
| Babur lays foundation of Mughal Empire; wins First Battle of Panipat
|-
|-
| '''1556 -<br>1605 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1619 || English East India Company establishes outpost at Surat on the northwestern coast
| Akbar expands and reforms the empire; Mughals win Second Battle of Panipat<br>
|-
|-
| '''1600 AD'''
| 1628 -1658  || Reign of Shah Jahan
| East India Company granted British Crown charter with exclusive rights to India
|-
|-
| '''1605 -<br>1627 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1658 -1707 || Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler
| Reign of Jahangir; in 1612 East India Company opens first trading post (factory)<br>
|-
|-
| '''1619 AD'''<br>
| 1707 -1858  || Lesser emperors; decline of the Mughal Empire
|  
English East India Company establishes outpost at Surat on the northwestern coast
 
|-
|-
| '''1628 -<br>1658 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
|}
| Reign of Shah Jahan&nbsp;<br>
|-
|
'''1658 -<br>1707&nbsp;AD'''


| Reign of Aurangzeb, last great Mughal ruler
=== British Period ===
*[https://commons.princeton.edu/mg/british-conquest-of-india-1753-to-1890/ Map British Conquest of India 1753 to 1890] at Princeton University
{| class="wikitable" width="79%"
! Years !! Event
|-
|-
| '''1707 -<br>1858 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1757 || Battle of Plassey - British victory of Mughal forces in Bengal; British rule in India begins
| Lesser emperors; decline of the Mughal Empire&nbsp;<br>
|-
|-
|  
| 1835  || Institution of British education and other reform measures
| <center>'''BRITISH PERIOD'''</center>
|-
|-
| '''1757&nbsp;AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1857-1858  || Revolt of Indian sepoys (soldiers) against East India Company
| Battle of Plassey - British victory of Mughal forces in Bengal; British rule in India begins<br>
|-
|-
| '''1835 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1858 || East India Company abolished and Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India (the British Raj); begins with Government of India Act; formal end of Mughal Empire
| Institution of British educaiton and other reform measures<br>
|-
|-
| '''1857 -<br>1858 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1869 || The creation of the Suez canal radically reduces journey time from India
| Revolt of Indian sepoys (soldiers) agains East India Company<br>
|-
|-
| '''1858 AD'''<br>
| 1885 || Indian National Congress formed
|  
East India Company abolished and Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India (the British Raj); begins with Government of India Act; formal end of Mughal Empire
 
|-
|-
| '''1869 AD'''<br>
| 1892 || Dadabhai Naoroji first Indian to win a Parliamentary seat in England
|  
The creation of the Suez canal radically reduces journey time from India
 
|-
|-
| '''1885 AD'''<br>
| 1897 || Ayah's Home established in Aldgate, London
| Indian National Congress formed<br>
|-
|-
| '''1892 AD'''<br>
| 1916  || Congress-League Scheme of Reforms (Lucknow Pact) signed
|  
Dadabhai Naoroji first Indian to win a Parliamentary seat in England
 
|-
|-
| '''1897 AD'''<br>
| 1935  || Government of India Act of 1935
|  
|}
Ayah's Home established in Aldgate, London


=== Independent India ===
{| class="wikitable" width="79%"
! Years !! Event
|-
|-
| '''1916 AD'''&nbsp;<br>
| 1947 || Partition of British India; India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and Assam;<BR>Jawaharlal Nehru becomes prime minister of India. Pakistan is created and incorporates East Bengal and territory in the northwest.
| Congress-League Scheme of Reforms (Lucknow Pact) signed<br>
|-
| '''1935 AD'''&nbsp;<br>  
| Government of India Act of 1935&nbsp;<br>
|-
|
| <center>'''INDEPENDENT INDIA'''</center>
|-
|-
| '''15&nbsp;August<br>1947 AD'''
| 1962 || Commonwealth Immigrants Act limits the migration of South Asians to England
| Partition of British India; India achieves independence and incorporates West Bengal and&nbsp;Assam;Jawaharlal Nehru becomes prime minister of India. Pakistan&nbsp;is created and incorporates East Bengal and territory in the northwest.<br>
|-
|-
| '''1962 AD'''<br>
| 1968 || "Rivers of Blood" Speech: Enoch Powell calls for forced return of immigrants settled in England
|
Commonwealth Immigrants Act limits the migration of South Asians to England
 
|-
| '''1968 AD'''<br>
|
"Rivers of Blood" Speech: Enoch Powell calls for forced return of immigrants settled in england
 
|}
|}


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*[http://www.ancient.eu/india/ Ancient India: Ancient History Encyclopedia]
*[http://www.ancient.eu/india/ Ancient India: Ancient History Encyclopedia]


 
==References==
[[Category:India]] [[Category:History]]
<references/>
[[Category:India]] [[Category:Histories]]
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