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{{Vanuatu | {{CountrySidebar | ||
|Country=Vanuatu | |||
|Name=Vanuatu | |||
|Type=Topic | |||
|Topic Type=Background | |||
|Background=Languages | |||
|Rating=Standardized | |||
}}{{breadcrumb | |||
| link1=[[Oceania]] | | link1=[[Oceania]] | ||
| link2=[[Vanuatu Genealogy|Vanuatu]] | | link2=[[Vanuatu Genealogy|Vanuatu]] | ||
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
The national language of the Republic of Vanuatu is Bislama. The official languages are Bislama, English and French. The principal languages of education are English and French. The use of English or French as the formal language is split along political lines. | The national language of the Republic of Vanuatu is '''Bislama'''. The official languages are '''Bislama''', '''English''', and '''French'''. The principal languages of education are English and French. The use of English or French as the formal language is split along political lines. | ||
Bislama is a creole spoken natively in urban areas. Combining a typical Melanesian grammar and phonology with an almost entirely English-derived vocabulary, Bislama is the lingua franca of the archipelago, used by the majority of the population as a second language. | Bislama is a creole spoken natively in urban areas. Combining a typical Melanesian grammar and phonology with an almost entirely English-derived vocabulary, Bislama is the lingua franca of the archipelago, used by the majority of the population as a second language. | ||
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==Word List(s)== | ==Word List(s)== | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Literatureandsamples Literature and samples in Bislama | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Literatureandsamples Literature and samples in Bislama] at Wikipedia | ||
* [https://wikitravel.org/en/Bislama_phrasebook Bislama Phrasebook] | * [https://wikitravel.org/en/Bislama_phrasebook Bislama Phrasebook] at Wikitravel | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/bislama.htm Useful phrases in Bislama] | * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/bislama.htm Useful phrases in Bislama] at Omniglot | ||
==Alphabet and Pronunciation== | ==Alphabet and Pronunciation== | ||
'''The Bislama Latin alphabet''' uses the letters A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y and the digraphs AE, AO and NG. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Orthography," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Orthography, accessed 11 March 2021.</ref> | '''The Bislama Latin alphabet''' uses the letters A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y and the digraphs AE, AO and NG. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Orthography," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Orthography, accessed 11 March 2021.</ref> | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/bislama.php Bislama alphabet and pronunciation] | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/bislama.php Bislama alphabet and pronunciation] at Omniglot | ||
'''Bislama - Grammar''' | '''Bislama - Grammar''' | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Grammar Two frequent prepositions in Bislama | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Grammar Two frequent prepositions in Bislama] at Wikipedia | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Verbs Verbs in Bislama | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Verbs Verbs in Bislama] at Wikipedia | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Nouns Nouns in Bislama | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Nouns Nouns in Bislama] at Wikipedia | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Pronouns Pronouns in Bislama | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Pronouns Pronouns in Bislama] at Wikipedia | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Tense/aspect/mood_markers Tense in Bislama | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Tense/aspect/mood_markers Tense in Bislama] at Wikipedia | ||
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Pacific_creole_comparison Pacific creole comparison in Bislama | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama#Pacific_creole_comparison Pacific creole comparison in Bislama] at Wikipedia | ||
==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | ==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | ||
* [https://en.glosbe.com/en/bi Dictionary English - Bislama] | * [https://en.glosbe.com/en/bi Dictionary English - Bislama] at Glosbe | ||
* [https://www.lexilogos.com/english/bislama_dictionary.htm Bislama Dictionary] | * [https://www.lexilogos.com/english/bislama_dictionary.htm Bislama Dictionary] at Lexilogos | ||
* [https://www.bislama.org/bislama-dictionary Bislama Spelling Dictionary] | * [https://www.bislama.org/bislama-dictionary Bislama Spelling Dictionary] at Bislama.org | ||
==Additional Resources== | ==Additional Resources== | ||
* Crowley, Terry, and John Lynch. ''The Avava language of central Malakula (Vanuatu).'' Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2006. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/76810586 WorldCat]. | |||
* Crowley, Terry, and Australian National University. ''The Paamese language of Vanuatu.'' Canberra: Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, 1982. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/781582733 WorldCat]. | |||
* Crowley, Terry, and Australian National University. ''Tape : a declining language of Malakula (Vanuatu).'' Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, 2006. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/690381111 WorldCat]. | |||
* Guérin, Valérie M P R. ''A grammar of Mavea : an oceanic language of Vanuatu.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2011. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/868974422 WorldCat]. | |||
* Malau, Catriona. ''A grammar of Vurës, Vanuatu.'' Boston/Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, Inc., 2016. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/966449595 WorldCat]. | |||
* Pearce, Elizabeth. ''A grammar of Unua.'' Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2015. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/909907810 WorldCat]. | |||
* Thieberger, Nick. ''A grammar of South Efate : an oceanic language of Vanuatu.'' Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/68416680 WorldCat]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
[[Category:Vanuatu]] | [[Category:Vanuatu]] | ||
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