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''[[Samoa Genealogy|Samoa]] [[Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[Samoa Language and Languages|Language and Languages]]''
{{CountrySidebar
|Country=Samoa
|Name=Samoa
|Type=Topic
|Topic Type=Background
|Background=Languages
|Rating=Standardized
}}{{breadcrumb
| link1=[[Samoa Genealogy|Samoa]]
| link2=
| link3=
| link4=
| link5=[[Samoa Languages|Languages]]
}}
==Description==
Samoan and English are the official languages in Samoa. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Samoan than English in Samoa. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Samoa," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa#:~:text=Samoan%20(Gagana%20Fa'as%C4%81moa)%20and%20English%20are%20the,speakers%20of%20Samoan%20than%20English%20in%20Samoa., accessed 14 Jun 2021.</ref>


There are 165,000 people in Western Samoa. All are Polynesian and speak Samoan. American Samoans also have a rich language that remains the main language of the people.  
'''Samoan Language'''<br>
Samoan, a Polynesian language, is the first language for most of the Samoa Islands' population of about 246,000 people. With many Samoan people living in other countries, the total number of speakers worldwide is estimated at 510,000 in 2015. It is the third-most widely spoken language in New Zealand, where 2.2% of the population, 101,900 people, were able to speak it as of 2018.


English is the second language and all islanders can speak English as well. There are several levels of spoken language. The high talking chiefs have a high oratory of rhetoric that only the indoctrinated can understand. They are the politicians and negotiators. There are regular chiefs that speak the everyday language of the people and get things done. Many have noticed how similar this is to mainland American society.  
The language is notable for the phonological differences between formal and informal speech as well as a ceremonial form used in Samoan oratory. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Samoan language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language, accessed 14 Jun 2021.</ref>


'''Palagis''' (Caucasians) who try to learn are a great source of entertainment to native speakers. Learn to laugh along with them and be grateful their English is better than your Samoan!
'''English Language'''<br>
English is the second language and all islanders can speak English as well. There are several levels of spoken language.


Samoan is from the Austronesian family of languages. It is closely related to other Polynesian languages, especially Tongan. Here is a very cursory overview of the language and some vocabulary.
==Word List(s)==
 
[[Samoan Genealogical Word List]]
Consonants: p,t,m,n,g,f,v,s, and a glottal stop, '
 
A glottal stop is when you start a vowel with your throat closed, as usually is done in English. If you didn't, the word 'apple' would sound like 'happle.'
 
More letters k,h and r were added to the Samoan alphabet for foreign or borrowed words. To complicate things for the beginner, in the common vernacular some consonants are transposed when spoken: l for r and k for t. Thus the name Maria can become Malia and telefoni can become kelefoni.
 
The "g" is pronounced with "ng" sound, so Pago Pago is pronounced Pahngo Pahngo. You can have fun correcting your educated friends with this one.
 
Vowels: a,e, i, o, u pronounced generally as in romantic languages such as Spanish and Italian.
 
== HERE IS A SMALL VOCABULARY  ==


{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| class="FCK__ShowTableBorders"
! '''Brief Vocabulary'''
|-
|-
| a  
| a  
Line 191: Line 198:
|  
|  
|}
|}
 
<br>
'''LEARNING TO COUNT'''  
'''Learning to Count'''<br>
 
1. tasi<br>
1. tasi  
2. lua<br>
 
3. tolu<br>
2. lua  
4. fa<br>
 
5. lima<br>
3. tolu  
6 ono<br>
 
7. fitu<br>
4. fa  
8. valu<br>
 
9. iva<br>
5. lima  
10. sefulu<br>
 
11. sefulutasi, 12. sefululua, 13. sefulutolu, 14. sefulufa, etc.<br>
6 ono  
20. luasefulu, 30. tolusefulu, 40. fasefulu, 50. limasefulu, etc.<br>
 
21. luasefulutasi, 22. luasefululua, 23. luasefulutolu, etc.<br>
7. fitu  
100. tasi selau, 200. lua selau, etc.<br>
 
<br>
8. valu  
 
9. iva  
 
10. sefulu  
 
11. sefulutasi, 12. sefululua, 13. sefulutolu, 14. sefulufa, etc.  
 
20. luasefulu, 30. tolusefulu, 40. fasefulu, 50. limasefulu, etc.  
 
21. luasefulutasi, 22. luasefululua, 23. luasefulutolu, etc.  
 
100. tasi selau, 200. lua selau, etc.  
 
'''A FEW WORDS BORROWED FROM ENGLISH'''
 
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
|-
| Kerisimasi
| Christmas
|-
| kolisi
| college
|-
| moa
| lawn mower
|-
| musika
| music
|-
| nusipepa
| newspaper
|-
| sikareti
| cigarette
|-
| telefoni
| telephone
|-
| televise
| television
|}
 
'''COLORS'''
 
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
! '''Colors'''
|-
|-
| enaena  
| enaena  
Line 283: Line 246:
|-
|-
| viole, mumu pa'auli  
| viole, mumu pa'auli  
|  
| purple
purple
|}
<br>
{| class="plain FCK__ShowTableBorders"
! '''A Few Words Borrowed from English'''
|-
| Kerisimasi
| Christmas
|-
| kolisi
| college
|-
| moa
| lawn mower
|-
| musika
| music
|-
| nusipepa
| newspaper
|-
| sikareti
| cigarette
|-
| telefoni
| telephone
|-
| televise
| television
|}
 
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
Samoan is from the Austronesian family of languages. It is closely related to other Polynesian languages, especially Tongan.
 
Here is a very cursory overview of the language and some vocabulary.
*Consonants: p,t,m,n,g,f,v,s, and a glottal stop, '
*A glottal stop is when you start a vowel with your throat closed, as usually is done in English. If you didn't, the word 'apple' would sound like 'happle.'
*More letters k,h and r were added to the Samoan alphabet for foreign or borrowed words. To complicate things for the beginner, in the common vernacular some consonants are transposed when spoken: l for r and k for t. Thus the name Maria can become Malia and telefoni can become kelefoni.
*The "g" is pronounced with "ng" sound, so Pago Pago is pronounced Pahngo Pahngo. You can have fun correcting your educated friends with this one.
*Vowels: a,e, i, o, u pronounced generally as in romantic languages such as Spanish and Italian.
 
The '''Samoa Alphabet''' consists of 14 letters, with another three letters ('''''H''''', '''''K''''', '''''R''''') used in loan words. The '''{{okina}}''' (''koma liliu'' or ''[[ʻokina]]'') is used for the [[glottal stop]].
 
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Aa, Āā || Ee, Ēē || Ii, Īī  || Oo, Ōō || Uu, Ūū ||Ff || Gg || Ll || Mm || Nn || Pp || Ss || Tt || Vv || (Hh)  || (Kk) || (Rr) || ʻOkina|‘
|- style="text-align:center;"
| /a/, /aː/ || /ɛ/, /eː/ || /ɪ/, /iː/ || /o/, /ɔː/|| /ʊ, w/, /uː/|| /f/ || /ŋ/ || /l, ɾ/ || /m/ || /n, ŋ/ || /p/ || /s/ || /t, k/ || /v/ || (/h/) || (/k/) || (/ɾ/) || /ʔ/
|}
 
'''Vowels'''<br>
Vowel length is phonemic in Samoan; all five vowels also have a long form denoted by the macron. For example, ''tama'' means child or boy, while ''tamā'' means father.


{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Consonants'''
!
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Velar
!Glottal
|- align=center
!Nasal
| m
| n
| ŋ
| &nbsp;
|- align=center
!Plosive
| p
| t
| (k)
| ʔ
|- align=center
!Fricative
| f v
| s
| &nbsp;
| (h)
|- align=center
!Lateral
| &nbsp;
| l
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|- align=center
!Rhotic
| &nbsp;
| (r)
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
|}
The consonants in parentheses are only present in loanwords and formal Samoan.<br>
In formal Samoan, used for example in news broadcasts or sermons, the consonants /t n ŋ/ are used. In colloquial Samoan, however, /n ŋ/ merge as [ŋ] and /t/ is pronounced [k]. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Samoan language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoan_language#:~:text=In%20formal%20Samoan%2C%20used%20for%20example%20in%20news%20broadcasts%20or%20sermons, accessed 14 Jun 2021.</ref>
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Language Aids'''
*[https://samoan.ws/03-verbs Samoan Language Resources]
*[http://www.sfu.ca/~alderete/pubs/aldereteBradshaw2012_samoanGrammarSynopsis.pdf Samoan grammar synopsis]
'''Dictionaries'''
* Milner, G B. ''Samoan dictionary : Samoan-English, English-Samoan.'' Auckland, N.Z.: Pasifika Press, 2001. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/946512343 WorldCat].
* Pratt, George. ''A Samoan dictionary : English and Samoan, and Samoan and English.'' Memphis: General Books, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/795695929 WorldCat].
'''Online Dictionaries'''
*[http://www2.hawaii.edu/~leighj/SAMOAN/dictionary/ Samoan-English Dictionary]
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/sm Dictionary English-Samoan (Glosbe)]
==Additional Resources==
'''Online'''
*[https://www.google.com/books/edition/S%C4%81moan_Word_Book/d-_T7qCjakMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=reading+samoan&printsec=frontcover Samoan Word Book]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/samoan.htm Samoan Language (Omniglot)]
*[https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/phraseindex.htm Samoan Language Phrases (Omniglot)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/index.htm Samoan Language Alphabets and Writing Systems (Omniglot)]
'''Books'''
* Hunkin, Galumalemana Afeleti L. ''Gagana Sāmoa : a Samoan language coursebook.'' Honolulu: University of Hawaiiʻ Press, 2009. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/316853500 WorldCat].
* Johnson, Alan P, Lillian E Harmon, and F Ronald Haymore. ''An introduction and guide to the Samoan language for missionaries of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.'' Auckland, N.Z.: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, 1977. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/152534062 WorldCat].
==References==


[[Category:Samoa]] [[Category:Language_and_Languages]]
[[Category:Samoa]] [[Category:Language and Handwriting]]
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