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{{Russia | {{CountrySidebar | ||
{{breadcrumb | |Country=Russia | ||
|Name=Russia | |||
|Type=Topic | |||
|Topic Type=Background | |||
|Background=Languages | |||
|Rating=Standardized | |||
}}{{breadcrumb | |||
| link1=[[Russia Genealogy|Russia]] | | link1=[[Russia Genealogy|Russia]] | ||
| link2= | | link2= | ||
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| link5=[[Russia Languages|Languages]] | | link5=[[Russia Languages|Languages]] | ||
}} | }} | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
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There are over 100 minority languages spoken across Russia. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Russia#:~:text=several%20other%20officially%20recognized%20languages 35 languages are considered official] in various regions of Russia. | There are over 100 minority languages spoken across Russia. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Russia#:~:text=several%20other%20officially%20recognized%20languages 35 languages are considered official] in various regions of Russia. | ||
[https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Russia_Languages#:~:text=Further%20Information%20on%20Russian%20Language ''Additional Information on the Russian Language''] | |||
Most records used in Russian research are written in Russian. Some knowledge of Russian is useful to understand Russian records. Reading Russian script in archived records can be very difficult since the old Russian script is unlike modern Russian. | Most records used in Russian research are written in Russian. Some knowledge of Russian is useful to understand Russian records. Reading Russian script in archived records can be very difficult since the old Russian script is unlike modern Russian. | ||
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* ''Russian phrasebook & dictionary.'' Carlton, Victoria: Lonely Planet Global Limited, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1052782570 WorldCat]. | * ''Russian phrasebook & dictionary.'' Carlton, Victoria: Lonely Planet Global Limited, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1052782570 WorldCat]. | ||
* Fanthorpe, Helen. ''Russian phrase book & dictionary.'' New York: Berlitz Publishing, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1079337911 WorldCat]. | * Fanthorpe, Helen. ''Russian phrase book & dictionary.'' New York: Berlitz Publishing, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1079337911 WorldCat]. | ||
* Awde, Nicholas and Muhammad Galaev. ''Chechen-English English-Chechen : dictionary and phrasebook.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, 1997. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/36456750 WorldCat]. | |||
* Pavlyshyn, Marko. ''Ukrainian phrasebook & dictionary.'' Footscray: Lonely Planet, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/870426349 WorldCat]. | * Pavlyshyn, Marko. ''Ukrainian phrasebook & dictionary.'' Footscray: Lonely Planet, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/870426349 WorldCat]. | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/russian.php#:~:text=Useful%20Russian%20phrases Useful Russian phrases] - Omniglot | * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/russian.php#:~:text=Useful%20Russian%20phrases Useful Russian phrases] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/kinship/russian.htm#:~:text=Family%20words%20in%20Russian Family words in Russian] - Omniglot | ** [https://omniglot.com/language/kinship/russian.htm#:~:text=Family%20words%20in%20Russian Family words in Russian] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/tatar.php#:~:text=Useful%20phrases%20in%20Tatar Useful phrases in Tatar] - Omniglot | * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/tatar.php#:~:text=Useful%20phrases%20in%20Tatar Useful phrases in Tatar] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/chechen.php#:~:text=Useful%20phrases%20in%20Chechen Useful phrases in Chechen] - Omniglot | |||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/bashkir.htm#:~:text=Useful%20phrases%20in%20Bashkir Useful phrases in Bashkir] - Omniglot | |||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/ukrainian.php#:~:text=Useful%20Ukrainian%20phrases Useful Ukrainian phrases] - Omniglot | * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/ukrainian.php#:~:text=Useful%20Ukrainian%20phrases Useful Ukrainian phrases] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/kinship/ukrainian.htm#:~:text=Family%20words%20in%20Ukrainian Family words in Ukrainian] - Omniglot | ** [https://omniglot.com/language/kinship/ukrainian.htm#:~:text=Family%20words%20in%20Ukrainian Family words in Ukrainian] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/chuvash.htm#:~:text=Useful%20phrases%20in%20Chuvash Useful phrases in Chuvash] - Omniglot | |||
* [[Russian Genealogical Word List|Russian Genealogical Word List]] | * [[Russian Genealogical Word List|Russian Genealogical Word List]] | ||
* [[Ukrainian Genealogical Word List|Ukrainian Genealogical Word List]] | * [[Ukrainian Genealogical Word List|Ukrainian Genealogical Word List]] | ||
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* [https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Russia_Languages#:~:text=Russian%20Language%20Alphabetical%20Order%20and%20Spelling Russian Alphabetical Order and Spelling] | * [https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Russia_Languages#:~:text=Russian%20Language%20Alphabetical%20Order%20and%20Spelling Russian Alphabetical Order and Spelling] | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm#:~:text=Russian%20alphabet Russian alphabet] - Omniglot | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm#:~:text=Russian%20alphabet Russian alphabet] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm#:~:text=Cursive%20Russian%20alphabet Cursive Russian alphabet] - Omniglot | ** [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm#:~:text=Cursive%20Russian%20alphabet Cursive Russian alphabet] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm#:~:text=Older%20versions%20of%20the%20Russian%20alphabet Older versions of the Russian alphabet] - Omniglot | ** [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm#:~:text=Older%20versions%20of%20the%20Russian%20alphabet Older versions of the Russian alphabet] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm#:~:text=Russian%20alphabet%20(pre-1750) Russian alphabet (pre-1750)] - Omniglot | ** [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm#:~:text=Russian%20alphabet%20(pre-1750) Russian alphabet (pre-1750)] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm#:~:text=Arabic%20alphabet%20for%20Tatar Arabic alphabet for Tatar] - Omniglot | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm#:~:text=Arabic%20alphabet%20for%20Tatar Arabic alphabet for Tatar] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm#:~:text=Cyrillic%20alphabet%20for%20Tatar Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar] - Omniglot | ** [https://omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm#:~:text=Cyrillic%20alphabet%20for%20Tatar Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm#:~:text=Modern%20Alphabet Modern Tatar Alphabet] - Omniglot | ** [https://omniglot.com/writing/tatar.htm#:~:text=Modern%20Alphabet Modern Tatar Alphabet] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/chechen.htm#:~:text=Arabic%20alphabet%20for%20Chechen Arabic alphabet for Chechen] - Omniglot | |||
** [https://omniglot.com/writing/chechen.htm#:~:text=Latin%20alphabet%20for%20Chechen%20(1925%20version) Latin alphabet for Chechen (1925 version)] - Omniglot | |||
** [https://omniglot.com/writing/chechen.htm#:~:text=Cyrilic%20alphabet%20for%20Chechen Cyrilic alphabet for Chechen] - Omniglot | |||
** [https://omniglot.com/writing/chechen.htm#:~:text=Latin%20alphabet%20for%20Chechen%20(1992%20version) Latin alphabet for Chechen (1992 version)] - Omniglot | |||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/bashkir.htm#:~:text=Runic%20alphabet%20for%20Bashkir Runic alphabet for Bashkir] - Omniglot | |||
** [https://omniglot.com/writing/bashkir.htm#:~:text=Arabic%20alphabet%20for%20Bashkir Arabic alphabet for Bashkir] - Omniglot | |||
** [https://omniglot.com/writing/bashkir.htm#:~:text=Cyrillic%20alphabet%20for%20Bashkir Cyrillic alphabet for Bashkir] - Omniglot | |||
** [https://omniglot.com/writing/bashkir.htm#:~:text=Latin%20alphabet%20for%20Bashkir Latin alphabet for Bashkir] - Omniglot | |||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/ukrainian.htm#:~:text=Ukrainian%20alphabet Ukrainian alphabet] - Omniglot | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/ukrainian.htm#:~:text=Ukrainian%20alphabet Ukrainian alphabet] - Omniglot | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/chuvash.htm#:~:text=Chuvash%20alphabet%20(%D1%87%D3%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%88%20%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D3%97)%20-%20Cyrillic Chuvash alphabet - Cyrillic] - Omniglot | |||
** [https://omniglot.com/writing/chuvash.htm#:~:text=Chuvash%20alphabet%20(Latin) Chuvash alphabet (Latin)] - Omniglot | |||
'''Pronunciation''' | '''Pronunciation''' | ||
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* [https://forvo.com/languages/ru/ Russian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | * [https://forvo.com/languages/ru/ Russian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | ||
* [https://forvo.com/languages/tt/ Tatar pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | * [https://forvo.com/languages/tt/ Tatar pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | ||
* [https://forvo.com/languages/ce/ Chechen pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | |||
* [https://forvo.com/languages/ba/ Bashkir pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | |||
* [https://forvo.com/languages/uk/ Ukrainian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | * [https://forvo.com/languages/uk/ Ukrainian pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | ||
* [https://forvo.com/languages/cv/ Chuvash pronunciation dictionary] - Forvo | |||
==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | ==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | ||
'''Dictionaries''' | '''Dictionaries''' | ||
* Thompson, Della. ''Compact Oxford Russian dictionary.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/824180055 WorldCat]. | * Thompson, Della. ''Compact Oxford Russian dictionary.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/824180055 WorldCat]. | ||
* ''Oxford essential Russian dictionary : Russian-English, English-Russian.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/502676920 WorldCat]. | ** ''Oxford essential Russian dictionary : Russian-English, English-Russian.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/502676920 WorldCat]. | ||
* ''Russian dictionary.'' Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1063682719 WorldCat]. | ** ''Russian dictionary.'' Glasgow: HarperCollins Publishers, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1063682719 WorldCat]. | ||
* Garifullin, S. F. ''English-Tatar dictionary.'' Kazan: Magarif, 2007. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/232358582 WorldCat]. | * Garifullin, S. F. ''English-Tatar dictionary.'' Kazan: Magarif, 2007. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/232358582 WorldCat]. | ||
* Nichols, Johanna and A. D. Vagapov. ''Chechen-English and English-Chechen dictionary.'' London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/54280016 WorldCat]. | |||
* Kaĭbysheva, T. I︠U︡. ''Russian-Bashkir-Turkish-English dictionary.'' Ufa: Bashkirskai︠a︡ ėnt︠s︡iklopedii︠a︡, 2002. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/58402843 WorldCat]. | |||
** Хасанов, М.А. and M.A. Khasanov. ''English-Bashkir-Russian dictionary.'' Ufa: Китап, 2009. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/373167605 WorldCat]. | |||
* Shevchuk, Yuri. ''Ukrainian-English collocation dictionary.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc, 2022. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1355541036 WorldCat]. | * Shevchuk, Yuri. ''Ukrainian-English collocation dictionary.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc, 2022. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1355541036 WorldCat]. | ||
* Parker, Philip M. ''Webster's Ukrainian (Latin script)-English thesaurus dictionary.'' San Diego, CA: ICON, 2008. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/227183576 WorldCat]. | ** Parker, Philip M. ''Webster's Ukrainian (Latin script)-English thesaurus dictionary.'' San Diego, CA: ICON, 2008. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/227183576 WorldCat]. | ||
* Mikhaĭlova, Luiza Valentinovna, V. N. Shashkov, and Vladislav Vladimirovich Shashkov. ''Concise English-Russian-Chuvash dictionary.'' Cheboksarskiĭ filial, Cheboxary: Chuvashskiĭ gos. universitet im. I.N. Ulʹi︠a︡nova, 1998. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/57630967 WorldCat]. | |||
** Shashkov, V. N. ''Russian-Chuvash-English dictionary.'' Cheboksary: Chuvashskoe kn. izd-vo, 2006. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/154310864 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Online Dictionaries''' | '''Online Dictionaries''' | ||
* [https://glosbe.com/en/ru Dictionary English - Russian] - Glosbe | * [https://glosbe.com/en/ru Dictionary English - Russian] - Glosbe | ||
* [https://glosbe.com/en/tt Dictionary English - Tatar] - Glosbe | * [https://glosbe.com/en/tt Dictionary English - Tatar] - Glosbe | ||
* [https://glosbe.com/en/ce Dictionary English - Chechen] - Glosbe | |||
* [https://glosbe.com/en/ba Dictionary English - Bashkir] - Glosbe | |||
* [https://glosbe.com/en/uk Dictionary English - Ukrainian] - Glosbe | * [https://glosbe.com/en/uk Dictionary English - Ukrainian] - Glosbe | ||
* [https://glosbe.com/en/cv Dictionary English - Chuvash] - Glosbe | |||
'''Language Aids''' | '''Language Aids''' | ||
* [https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Russia_Languages#:~:text=Russian%20Language%20Characteristics Russian Characteristics] | * [https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Russia_Languages#:~:text=Russian%20Language%20Characteristics Russian Characteristics] | ||
* Levine, James S. ''Russian grammar.'' New York: McGraw Hill Education, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1236898646 WorldCat]. | |||
* West, Daphne M. ''Essential Russian grammar.'' Blacklick, OH: McGraw-Hill, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/659756381 WorldCat]. | |||
* Burbiel, Gustav. ''Tatar grammar.'' Stockholm: Institute for Bible Translation, 2018. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1089694893 WorldCat]. | |||
* Mat︠s︡iev, A. G. and Patrick A. O'Sullivan. ''A short grammatical outline of the Chechen language.'' Kensington, Md: Dunwoody Press, 1995. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/35220925 WorldCat]. | |||
* Poppe, N. N. ''Bashkir manual; descriptive grammar and texts with a Bashkir-English glossary.'' Bloomington: Indiana University, 1964. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/5364490 WorldCat]. | |||
* Medushevsʹkyĭ, A. P. and R. H. Zi︠a︡tkovsʹka. ''Ukrainian grammar.'' Kiev: Rad. shkola, 1963. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/33775 WorldCat]. | |||
* Krueger, John Richard. ''Chuvash manual : introduction, grammar, reader and vocabulary.'' Bloomington, The Hague, The Netherlands: Mouton & Co, 1961. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/4063591 WorldCat]. | |||
==Additional Resources== | ==Additional Resources== | ||
* [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm Russian Language] - Omniglot | * [https://omniglot.com/writing/russian.htm Russian Language] - Omniglot | ||
* Mesropova, Olga. ''Faces of contemporary Russia : advanced Russian language and culture.'' Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1076500851 WorldCat]. | |||
* Ståhlberg, Sabira. ''Tatar language presevation strategies and innovative practices.'' Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları, 2021. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/1306585767 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Russian Language Alphabetical Order and Spelling'''<br> | '''Russian Language Alphabetical Order and Spelling'''<br> | ||
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# Yakut (in the Sakha Republic) | # Yakut (in the Sakha Republic) | ||
# Yiddish (in Jewish Autonomous Oblast) | # Yiddish (in Jewish Autonomous Oblast) | ||
'''Other Information'''<br> | |||
Russian is the language of the Russian Federation and was the official language of the Soviet Union and of the Russian Empire. It was also used in official records of Poland, Finland, and Alaska. Russian is one of the Slavic languages, which are divided into three groups. | |||
{| | |||
|- | |||
| style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:50px" | | |||
|East | |||
*Russian | |||
*Belorussian | |||
*Ukrainian | |||
| style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:50px" | | |||
|West | |||
*Polish | |||
*Czech | |||
*Slovak | |||
| style="vertical-align:top; padding-right:50px" | | |||
|South | |||
*Bulgarian | |||
*Serbo-Croatian | |||
*Slovenian | |||
*Macedonian | |||
|} | |||
There are many online resources for Russian grammar and vocabulary. Finding one that works for you should be possible through a simple search engine query. | |||
There are also some printed sources that can be of use. For example, ''In Their Words: A Genealogist's Translation Guide to Polish, German, Latin, and Russian Documents'' (Volume 2) by Jonathan D. Shea and William F. Hoffman is an excellent resource. There is also ''A New Russian-English and English-Russian Dictionary'' by M. Golovinsky. This dictionary is from the 1940s and uses the old spelling rules. Available on microfilm at the FamilySearch Library (Film 1045409 Item 1). | |||
*[[Germans from Russia Language and Languages|Germans from Russia Language and Languages]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
edits