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{{Mongolia | {{CountrySidebar | ||
|Country=Mongolia | |||
|Name=Mongolia | |||
|Type=Topic | |||
|Topic Type=Background | |||
|Background=Languages | |||
|Rating=Standardized | |||
}}{{breadcrumb | |||
| link1=[[Mongolia Genealogy|Mongolia]] | | link1=[[Mongolia Genealogy|Mongolia]] | ||
| link2= | | link2= | ||
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[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language '''Mongolian Sign Language'''] is the dominate language of the deaf community.<br> | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language '''Mongolian Sign Language'''] is the dominate language of the deaf community.<br> | ||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language '''Russian'''] is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia, followed by English, although English has been slowly replacing Russian as the second language.<br> | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language '''Russian'''] is the most frequently spoken foreign language in Mongolia, followed by English, although English has been slowly replacing Russian as the second language.<br> | ||
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language '''Korean'''] has gained popularity as tens of thousands of Mongolians work in South Korea.<br> | [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language '''Korean'''] has gained popularity as tens of thousands of Mongolians work in South Korea. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Mongolia," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia#Languages, accessed 23 May 2023.</ref><br> | ||
See [https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/Mongolia_Languages#:~:text=History%20of%20the%20alphabet%20and%20script%20used%20in%20Mongolia Alphabets and Scripts] for more information on the historical use in Mongolia. | |||
==Word List(s)== | ==Word List(s)== | ||
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*[[Chinese Genealogical Word List]] | *[[Chinese Genealogical Word List]] | ||
'''Mongolian''' | '''Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian''' | ||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/mongolian.php Useful Mongolian phrases (Omniglot)] | |||
*[https://wikitravel.org/en/Mongolian_phrasebook Mongolian phrasebook (Wikitravel)] | |||
'''Oirat''' | '''Oirat''' | ||
'''Buryat''' | '''Buryat''' | ||
*[http://archive.phonetics.ucla.edu/Language/BXM/bxm_word-list_1991_01.html Buryat Word List (UCLA.edu)] | |||
*[https://folkways.today/talking-buryat-phrasebook/ The Talking Buryat Phrasebook (Folkways.today)] | |||
'''Mongolic Khamnigan''' | '''Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol''' | ||
'''Kazakh''' | '''Kazakh''' | ||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/kazakh.php Useful Kazakh phrases (Omniglot)] | |||
* Taranov, Andrey. ''Kazakh vocabulary for English speakers : 3000 words.'' n.p.: T & P Books Pub., 2013. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/841980957 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Tuvan''' | '''Tuvan''' | ||
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==Alphabet and Pronunciation== | ==Alphabet and Pronunciation== | ||
'''Mongolian''' | '''Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian''' | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Phonology Khalkha Mongolian Phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar Khalkha Mongolian Grammar (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm Mongolian Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm Mongolian Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | ||
*[http://learn101.org/mongolian.php Mongolian grammar and basics (Learn101)]] | |||
* Ch, Battulga, Mika Laiho, Bat-Irėėdu̇ĭ Zh, and Mongol Ulsyn Ikh Surguulʹ. ''A student guide to Khalkha Mongolian pronunciation.'' Ulaanbaatar: T & U Print, 1999. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/610150283 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Oirat''' | '''Oirat''' | ||
'''Buryat''' | '''Buryat''' | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_language#Phonology Buryat Phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryat_language#Grammar Buryat Grammar (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/buryat.htm Buryat Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/buryat.htm Buryat Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | ||
'''Mongolic Khamnigan''' | '''Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol''' | ||
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/khamnigan.htm Khamnigan Mongol Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | |||
'''Kazakh''' | '''Kazakh''' | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language#Phonology Kazakh Phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax Kazakh Morphology and syntax (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | ||
'''Tuvan''' | '''Tuvan''' | ||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language#Phonology Tuvan Phonology (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvan_language#Grammar Tuvan Grammar (Wikipedia)] | |||
*[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tuvan.php Tuvan Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/tuvan.php Tuvan Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | ||
==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | ==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | ||
'''Mongolian''' | '''Mongolian or Khalkha Mongolian''' | ||
*[https://glosbe.com/en/mn English to Mongolian Dictionary (Glosbe)] | |||
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/mongolian_dictionary.htm Mongolian dictionary (Lexilogos)] | |||
*[https://www.mustgo.com/worldlanguages/mongolian/ Mongolian (MustGo)] | |||
*[https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/mongolia.pdf Classical Mongolian Romanization] | |||
'''Oirat''' | '''Oirat''' | ||
*[https://glosbe.com/en/xwo English to Written Oirat Dictionary (Glosbe)] | |||
* ''Oirat people : cultural uniformity and diversification.'' Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/877906437 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Buryat''' | '''Buryat''' | ||
'''Mongolic Khamnigan''' | '''Mongolic Khamnigan or Khamnigan Mongol''' | ||
* Janhunen, Juha. ''Khamnigan Mongol.'' Munchen: Lincom Europa, 2005. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/860519618 WorldCat]. | |||
'''Kazakh''' | '''Kazakh''' | ||
*[https://glosbe.com/en/kk English to Kazakh Dictionary (Glosbe)] | |||
*[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/kazakh_dictionary.htm Kazakh dictionary (Lexilogos)] | |||
'''Tuvan''' | '''Tuvan''' | ||
* Krueger, John Richard. ''Tuvan manual : area handbook, grammar, reader, glossary, bibliography.'' Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University, 1977. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/5252062 WorldCat]. | |||
==Additional Resources== | ==Additional Resources== | ||
*[https://www.britannica.com/place/Mongolia Mongolia (Britannica)] | |||
*[https://wikitravel.org/en/Mongolia Mongolia (Wikitravel)] | |||
* Rupen, Robert A. and Arpad Von Lazar. ''Mongolian area handbook.'' Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies, 1963. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/10658201 WorldCat]. | |||
History of the alphabet and script used in Mongolia: | '''History of the alphabet and script used in Mongolia''':<br> | ||
As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin alphabet in 1931 and the Cyrillic alphabet in 1937.<br> | As a result of pressure from the Soviet Union, Mongolia adopted the Latin alphabet in 1931 and the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets '''Cyrillic alphabet] in 1937.<br> | ||
In 1941, the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Classical Mongol script, but since 1994 they have been trying to bring it back.<br> | In 1941, the Mongolian government passed a law to abolish the Classical Mongol script, but since 1994 they have been trying to bring it back.<br> | ||
It is now taught to some extent in schools, though is mainly used for decorative purposes by artists, designers, calligraphers and poets.<br> | It is now taught to some extent in schools, though is mainly used for decorative purposes by artists, designers, calligraphers and poets.<br> | ||
The average person in Mongolia knows little or nothing about the Classical Mongol script, though there is high literacy in Cyrillic.<br> | The average person in Mongolia knows little or nothing about the Classical Mongol script, though there is high literacy in Cyrillic.<br> | ||
In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, the Classical Mongol script is still used. | In the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region of China, the Classical Mongol script is still used.<br> | ||
The older, traditional alphabet was developed in the 1200s from the Turkic Uighur script.<br> | The older, traditional alphabet was developed in the 1200s from the Turkic Uighur script.<br> | ||
Unlike most vertical scripts, it begins at the left. | Unlike most vertical scripts, it begins at the left.<br> | ||
In Mongolia, most older genealogical sources were written either in the classical Mongol script or in Chinese.<br> | In Mongolia, most older genealogical sources were written either in the classical Mongol script or in Chinese.<br> | ||
Records from the 1900s are written in Russian, in Cyrillic Mongolian, or in the Kazakh language. | Records from the 1900s are written in Russian, in Cyrillic Mongolian, or in the Kazakh language.<br> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
[[Category:Mongolia]] | [[Category:Mongolia]] | ||
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