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| {{Italy-sidebar}}{{breadcrumb | | {{CountrySidebar |
| | |Country=Italy |
| | |Name=Italy |
| | |Type=Topic |
| | |Topic Type=Background |
| | |Background=Languages |
| | |Rating=Standardized |
| | }}{{breadcrumb |
| | link1=[[Europe|Europe]] | | | link1=[[Europe|Europe]] |
| | link2=[[Italy_Genealogy|Italy]] | | | link2=[[Italy_Genealogy|Italy]] |
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| | link5=[[Italy Languages|Languages]] | | | link5=[[Italy Languages|Languages]] |
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| === Language Characteristics ===
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| ==== Variant Forms of Words ====
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| In Latin, the endings of most words vary according to how the words are used in a sentence. Who—whose— whom or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. This word list gives the most commonly seen form of each Latin word. As you read Latin records, be aware that almost all words vary with usage.
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| ==== Gender ====
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| Latin words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. For example, rex (king) is a masculine word, aetas (age) is a feminine word, and oppidum (town) is a neuter word.
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| Words that describe persons, places, or things (adjectives) will have either masculine, feminine, or neuter endings. For example, in Latin you would write magnus rex (great king), magna aetas (great age), and magnum oppidum (large town).
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| This word list gives only the masculine form of adjectives. For example:
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| noster, nostra, nostrum (our) is listed as noster
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| magnus, magna, magnum (great, large) is listed as magnus
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| nobilis, nobile (noble, known) is listed as nobilis
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| Some words have both a male (-us) and female (-a) form, such as patrinus (godfather) and patrina (godmother). This word list usually gives only the male form even though a female form may occur in Latin records. Thus, given the word famulus (servant), you can conclude that famula is a female servant.
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| Similarly, this word list gives only natus est ("he was born"). You can conclude that nata est means "she was born." The plural form nati sunt means "they were born."
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| ==== Plurals ====
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| Plural forms of Latin words usually end in -i, -ae, or -es. Thus patrinus (godfather) becomes patrini (godparents), filia (daughter) becomes filiae (daughters), and pater (father) becomes patres (fathers). However, these same endings may also indicate other grammatical changes besides plurality.
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| ==== Grammatical Use ====
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| The endings of Latin words can also vary depending on the grammatical use of the words. Latin grammar requires a specific type of ending for a word used as the subject of the sentence, used in the possessive, used as the object of a verb, or used with a preposition. Latin words fall into several classes, each with its own set of grammatical endings.
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| If you do not find a Latin word in this list with the same ending as the word in your Latin document, find a similar ending in the examples below to see how the word in your document is used:
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| {| width="100%"
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| | '''Latin'''
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| | '''English'''
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| | filius
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| | son
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| | (pater) filii
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| | (father) of the son
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| |-
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| | (baptizavi) filium
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| | (I baptized the) son
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| |-
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| | (ex) filio
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| | (from) the son
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| | vidua
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| | widow
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| |-
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| | (filius) viduae
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| | (son) of the widow
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| |-
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| | (sepelivi) viduam
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| | (I buried the) widow
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| |-
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| | (ex) vidua
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| | (from) the widow
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| | pater
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| | father
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| |-
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| | (filius) patris
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| | (son) of the father
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| |-
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| | (sepelivi) patrem
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| | (I buried the) father
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| | (ex) patre
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| | (from) the father
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| |}
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| Other noun endings change as follows to show possession:
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| -as may change to -atis
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| -ns may change to -ntis
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| -or may change to -oris
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| -tio may change to -tionis
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| Example: sartor (tailor) changes to sartoris (of the tailor)
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| Words that show action (verbs) also vary depending on who is doing the action and whether the action is past, present, or future. For example, the Latin word baptizare (to baptize) will appear with various endings:
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| {| width="100%"
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| | '''Present'''
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| | '''Past'''
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| | ''baptize''
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| | ''have baptized, baptized''
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| | (I)
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| | baptizo
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| | baptizavi, baptizabam
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| | (he)
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| | baptizat
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| | baptizavit, baptizabat
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| | (they)
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| | baptizant
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| | baptizaverunt, baptizabant
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| |-
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| | ''is baptized''
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| | ''was baptized''
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| | (he/she)
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| | baptizatur
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| | baptizatus/baptizata est
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| |}
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| === Additional Resources ===
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| This word list includes only the words most commonly found in genealogical sources. For further help, use a Latin-English dictionary. Latin-English dictionaries are available on each floor of the FamilySearch Library. The call numbers begin with 473.21.
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| The following Latin-English dictionary is available on microfilm for use in FamilySearch Centers:
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| *Ainsworth, Robert. ''Ainsworth's Latin Dictionary'', rev. ed. London: F. Westly and A.H. Davis, 1836. {{FSC|473Ai65a 1836}}; {{FSC|599,788}}.
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| Additional dictionaries are listed under LATIN LANGUAGE - DICTIONARIES in the "Subject" section of the FamilySearch Catalog. Most bookstores carry useful, inexpensive Latin-English dictionaries.
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| The following sources can also be helpful for reading Latin records:
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| *Baxter, J. H. and Charles Johnson. ''Medieval Latin Word-List From British and Irish Sources.'' London: Oxford University Press, n.d. {{FSC|942 A8bm}}.
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| *Grun, Paul A. ''Schlüssel zur alten und neuen Abkürzungen: Wörterbuch lateinischer und deutscher Abkürzungen des späten Mittlealters und der Neuzeit.'' Limburg/Lahn, Germany: Starke Verlag, 1966. {{FSC|943 B4gg}} Vol. 6, Key to ancient and modern abbreviations: Dictionary of Latin and German abbreviations of the late middle age and modern times.
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| *Jensen, C. Russell. ''Parish Register Latin: An Introduction''. Salt Lake City, Utah: Vita Nova Books, 1988.{{FSC|475 J453p}} A guide to understanding Latin as it appears in continental European church records.
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| *Martin, Charles Trice. ''The Record Interpreter: A Collection of Abbreviations, Latin Words and Names Used in English Historical Manuscripts and Records,'' 2nd ed. London, England: Stevens, 1910. {{FSC|422.471 M363re}} 1910.
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| *McLaughlin, Eve. ''Simple Latin for Family Historians,'' 2nd ed. Birmingham, England, London: Federation of Family History Societies, 1987. {{FSC|471.1 M273}} This booklet lists Latin words frequently used in English parish registers.
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| === External Links ===
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| *[http://www.freedict.com/onldict/ita.html Online English to Italian to English Dictionary]
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| *[http://italian.about.com/od/italiandictionaries/Dictionaries.htm Italian Dictionaries - Italian Glossaries - Dizionario Italiano: About.com]
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| *[https://script.byu.edu/Pages/the-latin-documents-pages/the-latin-documents(english) BYU Script Latin Tutorial]
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| ==Description== | | ==Description== |
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| *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/italian.htm Italian Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] | | *[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/italian.htm Italian Alphabet and Pronunciation (Omniglot)] |
| *[https://forvo.com/languages/it/ Italian pronunciation dictionary (Forvo)] | | *[https://forvo.com/languages/it/ Italian pronunciation dictionary (Forvo)] |
| | *[https://script.byu.edu/latin-handwriting/introduction Latin Script Tutorial (BYU)] |
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| ==Language Aids and Dictionaries== | | ==Language Aids and Dictionaries== |
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| *[https://glosbe.com/en/it English to Italian Dictionary (Glosbe)] | | *[https://glosbe.com/en/it English to Italian Dictionary (Glosbe)] |
| *[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/italian_dictionary.htm Italian dictionary (Lexilogos)] | | *[https://www.lexilogos.com/english/italian_dictionary.htm Italian dictionary (Lexilogos)] |
| | *[https://www.freedict.com/onldict/ita.html English to Italian Dictionary (FreeDict)] |
| * Bulhosen, Pat, Francesca Logi, and Loredana Riu. ''The pocket Oxford Italian dictionary : English-Italian, Italian-English.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/649197419 WorldCat]. | | * Bulhosen, Pat, Francesca Logi, and Loredana Riu. ''The pocket Oxford Italian dictionary : English-Italian, Italian-English.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/649197419 WorldCat]. |
| *[http://ilovelanguages.org/italian.php Italian Lessons (ILoveLanguages)] | | *[http://ilovelanguages.org/italian.php Italian Lessons (ILoveLanguages)] |
| *[https://www.duolingo.com/course/it/en/Learn-Italian Learn Italian (Duolingo)] | | *[https://www.duolingo.com/course/it/en/Learn-Italian Learn Italian (Duolingo)] |
| * Medina, Sarah. ''Italian.'' Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/670238315 WorldCat]. | | * Medina, Sarah. ''Italian.'' Chicago, Ill.: Heinemann Library, 2012. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/670238315 WorldCat]. |
| *[https://script.byu.edu/Pages/the-latin-documents-pages/the-latin-documents(english) BYU Script Latin Tutorial] | | *[https://script.byu.edu/latin-handwriting/introduction BYU Script Latin Tutorial] |
| * Orlandi, Giuseppe. ''Dizionario italiano-inglese, inglese-italiano.'' Milano: Carlo Signorelli, 1957. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/865779562 WorldCat]. | | * Orlandi, Giuseppe. ''Dizionario italiano-inglese, inglese-italiano.'' Milano: Carlo Signorelli, 1957. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/865779562 WorldCat]. |
| * ''Il nuovo dizionario inglese Garzanti (The new Garzanti English dictionary).'' Milano,: Garzanti, 1984. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/797721478 WorldCat]. | | * ''Il nuovo dizionario inglese Garzanti (The new Garzanti English dictionary).'' Milano,: Garzanti, 1984. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/797721478 WorldCat]. |
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| | '''Latin''' |
| | * Ainsworth, Robert. ''Ainsworth's Latin dictionary.'' London: F. Westley and A.H. Davis, 1836. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/865640847 WorldCat]. |
| | * Baxter, James Houston, Charles Johnson, and Phyllis Abrahams. ''Medieval Latin word-list from British and Irish sources.'' Geoffrey Cumberlege, London: Oxford University Press, 1947. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/10562543 WorldCat]. |
| | * Jensen, C. Russell. ''Parish register latin : an introduction.'' Salt Lake City, UT: Vita Nova Books, 1988. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/20991732 WorldCat]. |
| | * Martin, Charles Trice. ''The record interpreter: a collection of abbreviations, Latin words and names used in English historical manuscripts and records..'' London: Stevens and Sons, Limited, 1910. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/4212879 WorldCat]. |
| | * McLaughlin, Eve. ''A McLaughlin Guide Simple Latin for Family Historians.'' Birmingham, England: Federation of Family History Societies, 1988. '''''Available at:''''' [https://worldcat.org/title/989935668 WorldCat]. |
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| ==Additional Resources== | | ==Additional Resources== |