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{{Federated States of Micronesia-sidebar}}{{breadcrumb
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==Description==
==Description==
Micronesians speak English plus a native tongue. Linguists divide the native languages into the  
Micronesians speak English plus a native tongue. English is the official language of the government and of commerce.  
* “nuclear” group spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and Nauru;
* “western” group spoken in Palau, Guam, and Marianas.  This group is thought to have their origins in the ancient language called proto-Austronesian.


The native tongue of Guam is Chamorro, while Japanese is widely spoken as well.<br>
There are eight main indigenous languages in the Federated States of Micronesia.
In the Northern Mariana Islands, Chamorro and Carolinian are spoken.<br>
*'''Chuukese''' (also known at Trukese) - spoken primarily on the islands of Chuuk. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Chuukese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuukese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
There are eight indigenous languages in the Federated States of Micronesia, primarily Trukese and Pohnpeian.<br>
*'''Kapingamarangi''' - closely related to the Nukuoro language. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Kapingamarangi language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
The native tongue in Palau is Palauan.<br>
*'''Kosraean''' (sometimes rendered Kusiaean) - spoken on the islands of Kosrea. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Kosraean language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosraean_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
In the Marshall Islands, the native tongue is Marshallese.<br>
*'''Nukuoro''' - spoken on the Nukuoro Atoll and on Pohnpei <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Nukuoro language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukuoro_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
Kiribati has one indigenous language, known as Gilbertese or locally as I-Kiribati.<br>
*'''Pohnpeian''' - spoken on the island of Pohnpei. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Pohnpeian language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
Nauruan is the native tongue of Nauru.
*'''Ulithian''' - spoken on Ulithi Atoll and neighboring islands. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Ulithian language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Woleaian''' - main language on the island of Woleai and surrounding smaller islands. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Woleaian language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleaian_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Yapese''' - spoken by the people on the island of Yap. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Yapese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
 
Other indigenous languages spoken by smaller numbers include:
*'''Mortlockese''' - spoken on the Mortlock Islands. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Mortlockese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortlockese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Pingelapese''' - spoken on Pingelap. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Pingelapese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingelapese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Mokilese''' - spoken on Mwoakilloa. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Mokilese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokilese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Puluwat''' - spoken on Poluwat. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Puluwat language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puluwat_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Pááfang''' - spoken on the Hll Islands. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Pááfang language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1%C3%A1fang_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Namonuito''' - spoken on Namonuito Atoll. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Namonuito language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namonuito_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Ngatikese''' - spoken on Sapwuahfik Atoll. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Ngatikese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngatikese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Satawalese''' - very similar to Mortlockese. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Satawalese language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satawalese_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Nguluwan''' - spoken on Nguluwan Atoll. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Nguluwan language," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguluwan_language, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
*'''Ngatikese Creole''' - spoken on the atoll of Sapwuahfik. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Ngatikese Creole," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngatikese_Creole, accessed 20 March 2021.</ref>
 
NOTE: many elderly people are fluent in Japanese.


The records are in Spanish, German, English, or the native tongue, depending on the time period and the island or island group.<ref name="profile">The Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, “Family History Record Profile: Micronesia,” Word document, private files of the FamilySearch Content Strategy Team, 1987-2001.</ref>
The records are in Spanish, German, English, or the native tongue, depending on the time period and the island or island group.<ref name="profile">The Family History Department of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, “Family History Record Profile: Micronesia,” Word document, private files of the FamilySearch Content Strategy Team, 1987-2001.</ref>
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*[[Spanish Genealogical Word List]]
*[[Spanish Genealogical Word List]]
*[[German Genealogical Word List]]
*[[German Genealogical Word List]]
Word List in Native Languages:
*[https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/chuukese.htm Useful Phrases in Chuukese (Omniglot)]
*[https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/yapese.php Useful Phrases in Yapese (Omniglot)]


==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
==Alphabet and Pronunciation==
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/chuukese.htm Chuukese language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/kapingamarangi.htm Kapingamarangi language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/kosraean.htm Kosraean language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/nukuoro.htm Nukuoro language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/pohnpeian.htm Pohnpeian language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/ulithian.htm Ulithian language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/woleaian.htm Woleaian language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]
*[https://omniglot.com/writing/yapese.htm Yapese language (Omniglot online encyclopedia of writing systems and Languages)]


'''Pronunciation Examples'''
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xou_8rwLaFU&t=24s The Sound of the Chuukese language - YouTube]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n8RM_N7dhO0 The Sound of the Pohneian language - YouTube]


==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
==Language Aids and Dictionaries==
'''Language Aids'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuukese_language Chuukese language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapingamarangi_language Kapingamarangi language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosraean_language Kosraean language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukuoro_language Nukuoro language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpeian_language Pohnpeian language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulithian_language Ulithian language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woleaian_language Woleaian language - Wikipedia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapese_language Yapese language - Wikipedia]
'''Dictionaries'''
* Goodenough, Ward Hunt and Hiroshi Sugita. ''Trukese-English dictionary.'' Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1990. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/21113510 WorldCat].
* Elbert, Samuel H. ''Trukese-English and English-Trukese dictionary.'' Pearl Harbor, T. H.: United States Naval Military Government, 1947. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/802009 WorldCat].
* Lieber, Michael D and Kalio H Dikepa. ''Kapingamarangi lexicon.'' Honolulu: The Univ, Press of Hawaii, 1974. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/469120651 WorldCat].
* Elbert, Samuel H. ''Grammar and comparative study of the language of Kapingamarangi.'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Genealogical Society of Utah, 1978. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/865617488 WorldCat].
* Yi, Ki-dong. ''Kusaiean-English dictionary.'' Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1987. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/317800674 WorldCat].
* Carroll, Vern and Topias Soulik. ''Nukuoro lexicon.'' Honolulu: Univ. Pr. of Hawaii, 1973. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/251909430 WorldCat].
* Burdick, Alan. ''Dictionary of the Ponapean language.'' n.p.: n.p., 1970. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/41689640 WorldCat].
* Rehg, Kenneth L and Damian G Sohl. ''Ponapean-English dictionary.'' Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1979. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/643650354 WorldCat].
* Mellen, Neil J and John A Hancock. ''Ulithian-English dictionary.'' Columbia, S.C.: Habele Outer Island Education Fund, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/639053051 WorldCat].
* Sohn, Ho-min and Anthony F Tawerilmang. ''Woleaian-English dictionary.'' Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1976. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/747011080 WorldCat].
* Jensen, John Thayer. ''Yapese-English dictionary.'' Ann Arbor, Mich.: UMI Out-of-Orint Books on Demand, 1990. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/21548750 WorldCat].


'''Online Dictionaries'''
*[https://en.glosbe.com/chk/en Chuukese-English Dictionary]
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/kpg Kapingamarangi-English Dictionary]
*[https://en.glosbe.com/en/kos Kosraean-English Dictionary]
*[https://glosbe.com/nkr/en Nukuoro-English Dictionary]
*[https://www.trussel2.com/pnp/ Pohnpeian-English Dictionary]
*[https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/11736907/ulithian-english-dictionary-habele Ulithian-English Dictionary]
*[https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/62920/9780824882273.pdf Woleaian-English Dictionary (University of Hawai'i Press)]
*[https://tekinged.com/books/yapese_dict/dict.pdf Yapese-English Dictionary (Pali Language Texts)]


==Additional Resources==
==Additional Resources==
* ''Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia.'' Memphis, Tenn.: Books LLC, 2010. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/739937143 WorldCat].
* Daigaku, Shiga Kenritsu and Ningen Bunka Gakubu. ''BOOKTITLE.'' PLACE: PUBLISHER, DATE. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/56500441 WorldCat].
* Grimes, B. ''Micronesian Languages.'' n.p.: Oxford University Press, 2003. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/4811310620 WorldCat].


== References  ==
== References  ==
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