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===Language Characteristics===
   
 
====Variant Forms of Words====
 
In Russian, the endings of most words vary according to gender, number, and usage in a sentence. Who—Whose—whom, or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. Many sources (word lists, dictionaries, etc.) give only the basic, or nominative masculine form. As you read Russian records be aware that almost all words vary with usage.  
 
 
'''Gender'''
 
Russian words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. For example, брат (brother) is a masculine word, дочь (daughter) is a feminine word, and свидетельство (certificate) is a neuter word. 
 
Words that describe persons, places or things (adjectives) will have either masculine, feminine, or neuter endings depending on what noun they are describing. For example, in Russian you would write старый брат (old brother), старая сестра (old sister), and старое свидетельство (old certificate). In dictionaries and in the “Russian Genealogical Word List” generally only the masculine form is given. 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|старый, старая, старое
|(old) is listed only as старый
|-
|глухой, глухая
|(deaf) is listed only as глухой
|}
 
 
'''Plurals'''
 
Plural forms of Russian words usually end in ы, и, а, or я. Thus:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|отец—отцы
|father—fathers
|-
|муж—мужья
|husband—husbands
|-
|жена—жены
|wife—wives
|-
|книга—книги
|book—books
|-
|место—местa
|place—places
|-
|замечание—замечания
|remark—remarks
|}
Again, usually in a dictionary the word is given in the singular, masculine form. 
 
 
'''Grammatical Use'''
 
The endings of Russian words can also vary depending on the grammatical uses of the words. Russian grammar requires specific endings (called “cases”) on nouns used in the possessive, as the object of a verb, and with a preposition, among others. 
 
Adjectives also must match the nouns they modify in gender, quantity, and grammatical form (case). Russian nouns fall into several classes, each with its own set of grammatical endings. Many dictionaries have grammatical sections which show complete noun and adjective endings. 
 
The following table shows some examples of changing nouns:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Noun
!Use
!Translation
|-
|город
|это город
|this is the city
|-
|города
|мер города
|mayor of the city
|-
|городе
|Я жил в городе
|I lived in the city
|-
|
|-
|сын
|это сын
|this is the son
|-
|сына
|я крестил сына
|I christened the son
|-
|сыну
|я дал сыну
|I gave to the son
|-
|сыном
|я ушёл с сыном
|I left with the son
|-
|
|-
|жена
|это жена
|this is the wife
|-
|жены
|дом жены
|home of the wife
|-
|жену
|я видел жену
|I saw the wife
|-
|жене
|я дал жене
|I gave to the wife
|-
|женой
|я ушёл c женой
|I left with the wife
|-
|жене
|я думал о жене
|I thought of the wife
|}
The changing of word endings is called “declension” and there are six different cases in Russian. For a more in-depth discussion on Russian cases see [http://learningrussian.net/around_city_cases_grammar.php Grammar -- Russian Cases] (specifically for nouns, though other parts of speech change case depending on their usage as well). 
 
An important note is that it is essential to recognize when a ''name'' is written in a different form, and to avoid misinterpreting it as another name. For example, “the child of Ivon” would be “ребенок ивана.” That only means that “иван” is in a different case. It does NOT mean that is a feminine form of the name, that his name is different, that he has variant names, or that “ивана” is a different person than “иван.”
 
 
'''Verbs''' <br>
Words that show action (verbs) also vary depending on who and how many are doing the action and whether the action is past, present, or future. The variation for verbs is called “conjugation.”
 
For example, the Russian word жить (to live) will appear with various endings. 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Present
|-
|я живу
|I live
|-
|ты живёшь
|you live (informal)
|-
|он/она/кто живёт
|he/she/who lives
|-
|мы живём
|we live
|-
|вы живёте
|you live (formal)
|-
|они живут
|they live
|-
! colspan="2" |Past
|-
|жил
|singular masculine
|-
|жила
|singular feminine
|-
|жили
|plural or you formal
|}
 
Not all verb conjugations follow the same pattern. See [http://www.russianforeveryone.com/Rufe/Lessons/Course1/Grammar/GramUnit5/GramUnit5_2.htm Russian For Everyone Present Tense of Verbs] for more information.
===Additional Resources===  
===Additional Resources===  


Line 390: Line 230:
*[http://www.russianforeveryone.com/RufeA/Lessons/Introduction/Alphabet/Alphabet.htm Russian Alphabet with Sounds]
*[http://www.russianforeveryone.com/RufeA/Lessons/Introduction/Alphabet/Alphabet.htm Russian Alphabet with Sounds]
*[http://allbell.tripod.com/cursive/field.html Field Guide to Russian Letters]
*[http://allbell.tripod.com/cursive/field.html Field Guide to Russian Letters]
'''Russian Language Characteristics
''Variant Forms of Words''<br>
In Russian, the endings of most words vary according to gender, number, and usage in a sentence. Who—Whose—whom, or marry—marries—married are examples of words in English with variant forms. Many sources (word lists, dictionaries, etc.) give only the basic, or nominative masculine form. As you read Russian records be aware that almost all words vary with usage. 
''Gender''<br>
Russian words for persons, places, and things (nouns) are classified as masculine, feminine, or neuter. For example, брат (brother) is a masculine word, дочь (daughter) is a feminine word, and свидетельство (certificate) is a neuter word.<br>
Words that describe persons, places, or things (adjectives) will have either masculine, feminine, or neuter endings depending on what noun they are describing. For example, in Russian you would write старый брат (old brother), старая сестра (old sister), and старое свидетельство (old certificate). In dictionaries and in the “Russian Genealogical Word List” generally only the masculine form is given. 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|старый, старая, старое
|(old) is listed only as старый
|-
|глухой, глухая
|(deaf) is listed only as глухой
|}
''Plurals''<br>
Plural forms of Russian words usually end in ы, и, а, or я. Thus:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|отец—отцы
|father—fathers
|-
|муж—мужья
|husband—husbands
|-
|жена—жены
|wife—wives
|-
|книга—книги
|book—books
|-
|место—местa
|place—places
|-
|замечание—замечания
|remark—remarks
|}
Again, usually in a dictionary the word is given in the singular, masculine form. 
''Grammatical Use''<br>
The endings of Russian words can also vary depending on the grammatical uses of the words. Russian grammar requires specific endings (called “cases”) on nouns used in the possessive, as the object of a verb, and with a preposition, among others.<br>
Adjectives also must match the nouns they modify in gender, quantity, and grammatical form (case). Russian nouns fall into several classes, each with its own set of grammatical endings. Many dictionaries have grammatical sections which show complete noun and adjective endings. 
The following table shows some examples of changing nouns:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Noun
!Use
!Translation
|-
|город
|это город
|this is the city
|-
|города
|мер города
|mayor of the city
|-
|городе
|Я жил в городе
|I lived in the city
|-
|
|-
|сын
|это сын
|this is the son
|-
|сына
|я крестил сына
|I christened the son
|-
|сыну
|я дал сыну
|I gave to the son
|-
|сыном
|я ушёл с сыном
|I left with the son
|-
|
|-
|жена
|это жена
|this is the wife
|-
|жены
|дом жены
|home of the wife
|-
|жену
|я видел жену
|I saw the wife
|-
|жене
|я дал жене
|I gave to the wife
|-
|женой
|я ушёл c женой
|I left with the wife
|-
|жене
|я думал о жене
|I thought of the wife
|}
The changing of word endings is called “declension” and there are six different cases in Russian. For a more in-depth discussion on Russian cases see [http://learningrussian.net/around_city_cases_grammar.php Grammar -- Russian Cases] (specifically for nouns, though other parts of speech change case depending on their usage as well). 
An important note is that it is essential to recognize when a ''name'' is written in a different form, and to avoid misinterpreting it as another name. For example, “the child of Ivon” would be “ребенок ивана.” That only means that “иван” is in a different case. It does NOT mean that is a feminine form of the name, that his name is different, that he has variant names, or that “ивана” is a different person than “иван.”
''Verbs''<br>
Words that show action (verbs) also vary depending on who and how many are doing the action and whether the action is past, present, or future. The variation for verbs is called “conjugation.”
For example, the Russian word жить (to live) will appear with various endings. 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Present
|-
|я живу
|I live
|-
|ты живёшь
|you live (informal)
|-
|он/она/кто живёт
|he/she/who lives
|-
|мы живём
|we live
|-
|вы живёте
|you live (formal)
|-
|они живут
|they live
|-
! colspan="2" |Past
|-
|жил
|singular masculine
|-
|жила
|singular feminine
|-
|жили
|plural or you formal
|}
Not all verb conjugations follow the same pattern. See [http://www.russianforeveryone.com/Rufe/Lessons/Course1/Grammar/GramUnit5/GramUnit5_2.htm Russian For Everyone Present Tense of Verbs] for more information.


== References  ==
== References  ==
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