Virginia Emigration and Immigration: Difference between revisions

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[[Portal:United States Emigration and Immigration|Portal:United States Emigration and Immigration ]]>[[Virginia|Virginia]]  
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== Online Resources ==
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|<div id="fsButtons"><span class="online_records_button">[[United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records]]</span></div>
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*''[[United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records|United States Immigration Online Genealogy Records]]'' - has links to all nationwide databases and U.S. ports of entry<br>


===Passenger Lists===
The original European settlers came in the early 17th century from the midland and southern counties of England. They first settled in [[Virginia]]'s tidewater (coastal plain). Although the first blacks arrived in 1619, large numbers of blacks were imported beginning about 1680. Small landholders moved westward to the Piedmont, where they were joined by a new wave of English and Scottish immigrants.  
*'''1500s-1900s''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/7486/?arrival=_virginia-usa_49&count=50 All U.S. and Canada, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s] at Ancestry - index only ($); ''Also at [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10017/passenger-immigration-lists-1500-1900?s=1&formId=pili&formMode=1&useTranslation=1&exactSearch=&action=query&initialFormIds=immigration&p=1&qimmigration=Event+et.immigration+ep.Virginia+epmo.similar MyHeritage]''; index only ($); includes those with Destination of Virginia
*'''1600-1700''' [https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Original_Lists_of_Persons_of_Quality.html?id=B414AAAAMAAJ The Original Lists of Persons of Quality]; e-book. Also at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2065 Ancestry], indexed ($);
*'''1904-1963''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=9128 Virginia, Passenger and Crew Lists, 1904-1963] at Ancestry - index & images ($)
*'''1946-1957''' {{RecordSearch|2376891|Virginia, Alexandria Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels, 1946-1957}} at FamilySearch - [[Virginia, Alexandria Passenger and Crew Lists of Vessels - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images
*[https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/edit?mid=1gEPDH-Y5EEmL_78yhM2a4zc81C6_yVU&ll=38.96512290561401%2C-78.43802866653527&z=7 World Passenger Lists Map]


In the early 1700s, French Huguenots arrived, followed by German workers imported between 1714 and 1717 to work iron furnaces in the Piedmont area. During the 1730s and 1740s, a large number of settlers of Ulster Scot and German descent moved southward from Pennsylvania down the Allegheny Ridges into the Shenandoah Valley.


Beginning in the late 18th century, Virginia lost many residents as families moved westward to new states and territories. There was very little foreign immigration to Virginia after 1800.


=== Records  ===


Most surviving lists of colonial Virginia immigrants have been published in various sources. Almost all names of colonial immigrants listed in published sources are indexed in P. William Filby, ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index'', described in [[Tracing Imigrants Arrival Emigration and Immigration|Tracing Immigrants Arrival Emigration and Immigration]]. This lists several other important sources for finding information about immigrants. These nationwide sources include many references to people who settled in Virginia. [[Tracing Immigrant Origins|Tracing Immigrant Origins]] introduces the principles, search strategies, and additional record types you can use to identify an immigrant ancestor's original hometown.


===Databases of Emigrants and Immigrants===
''The Biographical Dictionary of Early Virginia, 1607- 1660'' lists many immigrants. See the “Biography” section of this outline.  
*'''1623-1666''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2063 Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666] at Ancestry - index only ($)
*'''1607-1776''' [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html The Complete Book of Emigrants: 1607-1776] at Virtual Jamestown
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10119/immigrant-ships-transcribers-guild Immigrant Ships Transcribers Guild] at MyHeritage - index only ($)


===Emigrant and Immigrant Collections - Published===
A comprehensive list of about 140,000 immigrants to America from Britain is:  
*'''1600-1700'''  ''Omitted Chapters from Hotten's Original Lists of Persons of Quality ... and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700'' By James C. Brandow. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Company: 1982. '''''Online at:''''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49280 at Ancestry ($)]
*'''1623-1666''' ''Early Virginia Immigrants, 1623-1666.'' By George Cabell Greer. Richmond, Va.: W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912.'''''Online at:''''' [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=yale.39002004779634&view=1up&seq=7  Hathitrust]; [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48437 Ancestry ($)
*'''1690-1811''' ''A List of Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811.'' By Gerald Fothergill London: Elliot Stock, 1904 '''''Online at:''''' [www.familysearch.org/library/books/idurl/1/447982 FamilySearch Digital Library]
*'''1902-1948''' [[Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Virginians_in_English_archives|Gleanings in England, Virginians in English archives]]
*''Some Emigrants to Virginia: Memoranda in Regard to Several Hundred Emigrants to Virginia During the Colonial Period Whose Parentage is Shown or Former Residence Indicated by Authentic Records.'' By William Glover Stanard.  Richmond, Virginia: W.G. Stanard, 1911. '''''Online at:''''' [[https://archive.org/details/someemigrantstov00stan Internet Archive]


===Enslaved People===
*Coldham, Peter Wilson. ''The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1607-1776, and Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1775''. Novato, California: Brøderbund Software, 1996. (Family History Library compact disc no. 9 pt. 350[does not circulate to Family History Centers].) Includes numerous Virginia immigrants. May show British hometown, emigration date, ship, destination, and text of the document abstract.
*[[African American Resources for Virginia|African American Resources for Virginia]]
*'''1698-1807''' ''Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America 1698-1807.'' By David Richardson. Oxford: Bristol Record Society, 1986-96. '''''Online at:''''' [https://archive.org/search.php?query=Bristol%2C+Africa+and+the+Eighteenth+Century+Slave+Trade+to+America. Internet Archive, Vol. 1-4]
*'''1736-1803''' [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/exist/runaways/xquery.xsp The Geography of Slavery Project] at Geography of Slavery - Ads for runaway slaves and indentured servants
*[http://www.slavevoyages.org/ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database] at Slave Voyages


===Indentured Servants===
The major port in Virginia was Norfolk, but many settlers arrived at Baltimore, Philadelphia, or other ports and then migrated to Virginia.  
*'''1654-1686''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49090 The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686''], at Ancestry ($), indexed.
*'''1654-1686''' [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654 - 1686] at Virtual Jamestown
*[https://immigrant.pricegen.com/search/simple.php Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants: American and English Sources] at PriceGen


===Cultural Groups===
The Family History Library and the National Archives have many of the post-1820 passenger lists and indexes for Baltimore, Philadelphia, and other major ports. These are listed in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under [STATE], [COUNTY], [CITY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.  
*'''1714-1730s''' [http://germannafamily.org/ Original Germanna Settlers, 1714-1730s] at Germanna Foundation
*'''1812''' ''British Aliens in the United States During the War of 1812.''  Compiled by Kenneth Scott. Baltimore, MD: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979. '''''Online at:''''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/49091/ Ancestry ($)]
*'''1920-1939''' [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10924/germany-bremen-emigration-lists-1920-1939 Germany, Bremen Emigration Lists, 1920-1939] at MyHeritage - index only ($)
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10019/germans-immigrating-to-the-united-states Germans Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($)
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10030/italians-immigrating-to-the-united-states Italians Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($)
*[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-10029/russians-immigrating-to-the-united-states Russians Immigrating to the United States] at MyHeritage - index only ($); includes those with Destination of Virginia
<br>


=== Passport Records Online  ===
The Family History Library and the National Archives also have incomplete passenger lists for the following ports.  
*'''1795-1925''' {{RecordSearch|2185145|United States Passport Applications, 1795-1925}} at FamilySearch — index & images - [[United States, Passport Applications - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]
*'''1795-1925''' [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1174 U.S. Passport Applications, 1795-1925] Index and images, at Ancestry ($)


==How to Find the Records==
*Alexandria, 1820-1865 {{FHL|830231}}
===Offices to Contact===
*East River, 1830 {{FHL|830232}}
Although many records are included in the online records listed above, there are other records available through these archives and offices. For example, there are many minor ports that have not yet been digitized. There are also records for more recent time periods. For privacy reasons, some records can only be accessed after providing proof that your ancestor is now deceased.
*Hampton, 1820-1821 {{FHL|830234}}
====National Archives and Records Administration====
*Norfolk and Portsmouth, 1820-1857 {{FHL|830236}}
*The [https://www.archives.gov/research/immigration/overview '''National Archives (NARA)'''] has immigration records for arrivals to the United States from foreign ports between approximately 1820 and 1982. The records are arranged by [https://www.archives.gov/research/immigration/overview '''Port of Arrival (See Part 5).''']
*Petersburg, 1820-1821 {{FHL|830238}}
:*You may do research in immigration records in person at the National Archives Building, 700 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20408-0001. 
*Richmond, 1820-1844 {{FHL|830246}}&nbsp;&nbsp;
*Some [https://www.archives.gov/locations '''National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) regional facilities'''] have selected immigration records; call to verify their availability or check the online Microfilm Catalog.
*Libraries with large genealogical collections, such as the [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog '''FamilySearch Library in Salt Lake City, Utah'''] and the [https://acpl-cms.wise.oclc.org/genealogy '''Allen County Piblic Library'''] also have selected NARA microfilm publications.
:*Order copies of passenger arrival records with [https://www.archives.gov/files/forms/pdf/natf-81.pdf '''NATF Form 81'''.]
=====Virginia Port Records at the NARA=====
The FamilySearch Library and the National Archives also have incomplete passenger lists for the following ports.


*Alexandria, 1820-1865 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
The above lists are included in ''Copies of Lists of Passengers Arriving at Miscellaneous Ports on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts'' . . . (in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; {{FHL|830231}}-{{FHL|830246}}. These lists are indexed in ''Supplemental Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports'' . . . (in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION - INDEXES; {{FHL|418161}}-{{FHL|418348}}
*East River, 1830 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Hampton, 1820-1821 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Norfolk and Portsmouth, 1820-1857 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Petersburg, 1820-1821 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Richmond, 1820-1844 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
====USCIS Genealogy Program====
The [https://www.uscis.gov/records/genealogy '''U.S. Citizenship and and Immigration Services Genealogy Program'''] is a fee-for-service program that provides researchers with timely access to historical immigration and naturalization records of deceased immigrants. If the immigrant was born less than 100 years ago, you will also need to provide proof of his/her death.
=====Immigration Records Available=====
*[https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/historical-record-series/a-files-numbered-below-8-million '''A-Files:'''] Immigrant Files, (A-Files) are the individual alien case files, which became the official file for all immigration records created or consolidated since April 1, 1944.
*[https://www.uscis.gov/records/genealogy/historical-record-series/alien-registration-forms-on-microfilm-1940-1944 '''Alien Registration Forms (AR-2s):'''] Alien Registration Forms (Form AR-2) are copies of approximately 5.5 million Alien Registration Forms completed by all aliens age 14 and older, residing in or entering the United States between August 1, 1940 and March 31, 1944.
*[https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/historical-record-series/registry-files-march-2-1929-march-31-1944''' Registry Files:'''] Registry Files are records, which document the creation of immigrant arrival records for persons who entered the United States prior to July 1, 1924, and for whom no arrival record could later be found.
*[https://www.uscis.gov/history-and-genealogy/genealogy/historical-record-series/visa-files-july-1-1924-march-31-1944'''Visa Files:'''] Visa Files are original arrival records of immigrants admitted for permanent residence under provisions of the Immigration Act of 1924.<ref>"Genealogy", at USCIS, https://www.uscis.gov/records/genealogy, accessed 26 March 2021.</ref>


=====Requesting a Record=====
Records of ethnic groups, including Huguenots, Mennonites, Scots, Germans, and blacks, are listed in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under the subject heading VIRGINIA - MINORITIES. The following contains abstracts and indexes to wills, mentioning about 5,000 immigrants to Virginia:  
*[https://genealogy.uscis.dhs.gov/ '''Web Request Page'''] allows you to request a records, pay fees, and upload supporting documents (proof of death).
*[https://www.uscis.gov/records/genealogy/genealogical-records-help/record-requests-frequently-asked-questions '''Record Requests Frequently Asked Questions''']


==== Virginia Colonial Records Project at LVA====
*Nugent, Nell M. ''Early Settlers of Virginia. ''Baltimore:&nbsp; Genealogical Publishing Company 1969 (lists&nbsp;pre-1616 settlers)
The Virginia Colonial Records Project at the [[Library of Virginia|Library of Virginia (LVA)]] can help Americans trace their European immigrant origins. Scholars visited United Kingdom and other European archives searching for references to colonial-era Virginians. Their 14,704 records survey reports contain half a million names of persons and ships which are searchable at the Library's web site. They also microfilmed about two-thirds of the records they located. The 963 reels of microfilm are held at the Library of Virginia and are available for interlibrary loan. The Library's [http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/opac/vcrpabout.htm About the Virginia Colonial Records Project] provides more information.
*O'Brien, Michael J. ''Irish In&nbsp;America''. Baltimore:&nbsp;Genealogical Publishing Company 1965.&nbsp;{{FHL|973&nbsp;F2oi}}
====Virtual Jamestown====
*Withington, Lathrop. ''Virginia Gleanings in England: Abstracts of 17th and 18th-Century English Wills and Administrations Relating to Virginia and Virginians. ''{{FHL|975.5 P28w}}&nbsp;
The [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/page2.html '''Virtual Jamestown Archive'''] is a digital research, teaching and learning project that explores the legacies of the Jamestown settlement and "the Virginia experiment."
*[http://www.virtualjamestown.org/reference.html Reference Center]
*'''1654-1686''' [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Search the Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654 - 1686]
*'''1736-1803''' [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/exist/runaways/xquery.xsp The Geography of Slavery] The Geography of Slavery project contains more than 4000 advertisements for runaway slaves and indentured servants, drawn from newspapers in Virginia and Maryland, covering the years from 1736 through 1803.
====Germanna Foundation Library====
*[https://germanna.org/ Germanna Foundation Library]
:*[https://germanna.org/things-to-do/research-your-germanna-roots/ Original Germanna Settlers, 1714-1730s]


==Finding Town of Origin==
=== Westward Migrants  ===
Records in the countries emigrated from are kept on the local level. You must first identify the '''name of the town''' where your ancestors lived to access those records. If you do not yet know the name of the town of your ancestor's birth, there are well-known strategies for a thorough hunt for it.
*[[U. S. Immigration Records: Finding the Town of Origin|'''U. S. Immigration Records: Finding the Town of Origin''']]


== Background ==
*Robertson, Clara Hamlett. ''Kansas Territorial Settlers of 1860 Who were Born in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina:&nbsp;A Compilation with Historical Annotations and Editorial Comment''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1976. {{FHL|978.1 H2ro}}; digital version at [http://www.worldvitalrecords.com/indexinfo.aspx?ix=gpc0806306971_clarahamlettrobertson1976 World Vital Records] ($).
*The original European settlers came in the early 17th century from the midland and southern counties of [[England Genealogy|England]].<ref>David Hackett Fischer, ''Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989). {{FSC|593285|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 H2fis}}.</ref> They first settled in [[Virginia, United States Genealogy|Virginia]]'s tidewater (coastal plain).
*Many colonists had connections to [[Barbados Genealogy|Barbados]].<ref>David L. Kent, ''Barbados and America'' (Arlington, Va.: C.M. Kent, 1980). {{FSC|316574|item|disp=FS Library Book 972.981 X2b}}.</ref> The earliest Africans to Barbados came in 1619. Starting in 1680, large numbers of Africans were captured and brought as slaves to Barbados.
*It has been estimated that 75% of white colonists arrived in bondage as indentured servants or transported convicts.<ref>Wesley Frank Craven, ''White, Red, and Black: The Seventeenth-Century Virginian'' (Charlottesville, Va.: University Press of Virginia, 1971).</ref>
*Small landholders moved westward to the Piedmont, where they were joined by a new wave of English and [[Scotland|Scottish]] immigrants.
*In the early 1700s, [[France|French]] Huguenots arrived. Their settlement, in [[King William Parish, Virginia|King William Parish]], near Richmond on the James River, was known as Manakin Town.<ref>"Manakin Town: The French Huguenot Settlement in Virginia 1700-ca. 1750," ''National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox. Becoming American: The British Atlantic Colonies, 1690-1763,'' http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/growth/text4/frenchvirginia.pdf, accessed 23 June 2012.</ref> They and many of their descendants lived in [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico]], [[Goochland County, Virginia|Goochland]], [[Cumberland County, Virginia|Cumberland]], and [[Powhatan County, Virginia|Powhatan]] counties.
*[[Germany|German]] workers were imported between 1714 and 1717 to work iron furnaces in the Piedmont area.
*A group of Germans created a settlement called Germanna in early eighteenth-century Virginia. '''[[Germanna Foundation]]''' maintains a visitor's center with genealogical library. They work to promote historic preservation as well as family history information and research.
*During the 1730s and 1740s, a large number of settlers of [[Northern Ireland|Ulster Scot]] and German descent moved southward from [[Pennsylvania Genealogy|Pennsylvania]] down the Allegheny Ridges into the Shenandoah Valley.  


=== Bibliography  ===


[[Image:Ports.png|thumb|left|600px]]
*Fothergill, Gerald. ''A List of Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811''. London: E. Stock, 1904. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=4760 Ancestry] ($); [http://books.google.com/books?id=lVgEAAAAIAAJ Google Books]; [http://www.archive.org/details/listofemigrantmi00fothuoft Internet Archive], 1965 reprint: {{FHL|973 W2f 1965}}
*Greer, George Cabell. ''Early Virginia Immigrants 1623-1666''. Richmond, Virginia:&nbsp;W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912. Digital book at [http://books.google.com/books?id=xDISAAAAYAAJ Google Books] (full-view).
*Stanard, W.G. ''Some Emigrants to Virginia: Memoranda in Regard to Several Hundred Emigrants to Virginia During the Colonial Period Whose Parentage is Shown or Former Residence Indicated by Authentic Records''. Richmond, Virginia: Wm. Ellis Jones' Sons, Inc., Printers, 1911. Digital book at [http://books.google.com/books?id=TCASAAAAYAAJ&dq Google Books] (full-view).


==Immigration Records==
== Web Sites ==
'''Immigration''' refers to people coming into a country. '''Emigration''' refers to people leaving a country to go to another. Immigration records usually take the form of ship's '''passenger lists''' collected at the port of entry. See [[Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Online Resources|'''Online Resources'''.]]
===What can I find in them?===
====[[Virginia Emigration and Immigration #Online Resources|Information in Passenger Lists]]====
*'''Before 1820''' - Passenger lists before 1820 included '''name, departure information and arrival details'''.  The names of wives and children were often not included. 


*'''1820-1891''' - Customs Passenger Lists between 1820 and 1891 asked for '''each immigrant’s name, their age, their sex, their occupation, and their country of origin''', but not the city or town of origin.
*http://www.alexandria.lib.va.us/lhsc_genealogy_resources/citizen/citizen.html  
 
*[http://www.immigrantservants.com Immigrant Servants Database] 20,000+ colonial immigrants, primary focus: Chesapeake Bay colonies (Virginia and Maryland)  
*'''1891-1954''' - Information given on passenger lists from 1891 to 1954 included:
*[http://www.virtualjamestown.org Virtual Jamestown] Indentured servant registers from colonial period, which identify English indentured servants shipped to America
**name, age, sex,
**nationality, occupation, marital status,
**last residence, final destination in the U.S.,
**whether they had been to the U.S. before (and if so, when, where and how long),
**if joining a relative, who this person was, where they lived, and their relationship,
**whether able to read and write,
**whether in possession of a train ticket to their final destination, who paid for the passage,
**amount of money the immigrant had in their possession,
**whether the passenger had ever been in prison, a poorhouse, or in an institution for the insane,
**whether the passenger was a polygamist,
**and immigrant's state of health.
 
*'''1906--'''  - In 1906, the '''physical description and place of birth''' were included, and a year later, the '''name and address of the passenger’s closest living relative in the country of origin''' was included.
 
====[[Virginia Emigration and Immigration#Passport Records Online|Information in Passports]]  ====
Over the years, passports and passport applications contained different amounts of information about the passport applicant. The first passports that are available begin in 1795. These usually contained the individual's name, description of individual, and age. More information was required on later passport applications, such as:
 
*Birthplace 
*Birth date
*Naturalization information
*Arrival information, if foreign born
 
== In-Country Immigration  ==
Many settlers from [[Maryland Genealogy|Maryland]] and [[Pennsylvania Genealogy|Pennsylvania]] migrated down into Virginia during the colonial period. The [[Great Valley Road|Great Valley Road]], which passed through the Shenandoah Valley was a popular route.
 
Many Virginians moved to [[Georgia Genealogy (state)|Georgia]] immediately after the American Revolution.<ref>John Frederick Dorman, "Review of ''Research in Georgia,"'' in ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1981):147. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg v. 25 (1981)}}</ref>
 
===Virginia Migration Routes===
 
[[Atlantic Coast Ports]]{{·}} [[Chesapeake Bay]]{{·}} [[James River]]{{·}} [[Potomac River]]{{·}} [[Rappahannock River]]{{·}} [[York River]]{{·}} [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]]{{·}} [[Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad]]{{·}}[[National Road|Cumberland Road (or National Road)]]{{·}} [[Fall Line Road|Fall Line Road (or Southern Road)]]{{·}} [[Great Indian Warpath]]{{·}} [[Great Trading Path]]{{·}} [[Great Valley Road]]{{·}} [[Kanawha Trail]]{{·}} [[King's Highway]]{{·}} [[National Road|National Road (or Cumberland Road)]]{{·}} [[New River and Southern Trail]]{{·}} [[Occaneechi Path]]{{·}} [[Old Cherokee Path]]{{·}} [[Old Northwestern Turnpike]]{{·}} [[Pamunkey-New River Trail]]{{·}} [[Pioneer Road]]{{·}} [[Richmond Road]]{{·}} [[Richmond-Williamsburg Road]]{{·}} [[Saura-Saponi Trail]]{{·}} [[Secondary Coast Road]]{{·}} [[Fall Line Road|Fall Line Road (or (Fall LIne Road)]]{{·}} [[Upper Road]]{{·}} [[Wilderness Road]]{{·}} [[Wilmington, Highpoint, and Northern Trail]]
 
==Published Sources==
=== Colonial Records  ===
 
Very few passenger lists exist for immigrants entering colonial Virginia. There are quite a few sources, however, that include immigration information. Most records have been published. The place to start is P. William Filby, ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index'' (available online at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7486 Ancestry] ($)). Available library copies can be located through [http://www.worldcat.org/title/passenger-and-immigration-lists-index-a-guide-to-published-arrival-records-of-about-500000-passengers-who-came-to-the-united-states-and-canada-in-the-seventeenth-eighteenth-and-nineteenth-centuries/oclc/7385897&referer=brief_results WorldCat]. See also [http://www.worldcat.org/title/passenger-and-immigration-lists-index-supplement/oclc/9228872&referer=brief_results ''Passenger and immigration lists index. Supplement''].
 
The major port in Virginia from the late eighteenth century forward was [[Norfolk County, Virginia#Immigration|Norfolk]], but many settlers arrived at [[Baltimore, Maryland Genealogy#Immigration|Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania#Immigration|Philadelphia]], or other ports and then migrated to Virginia. In the eighteenth century, ships selling indentured servants and transported convicts often docked at ports along the Rappahannock and Potomac rivers.
 
It is often quite a challenge to determine whether or not a Colonial Virginian was an immigrant. Headright grants identify a certain percentage (particularly before 1720; at least three-fourths of the names of new settlers in the 1600s are found in these land contracts<ref>Thomas, Robert E. ''The Thomas Family in 300 Years of American History''. Salt Lake City, UT: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1982. Print.</ref>), but require special attention to correctly interpret.<ref>Edmund S. Morgan, "Headrights and Head Counts: A Review Article," ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography,'' Vol. 80, No. 3 (Jul. 1972):361-371. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4247736 JSTOR] ($); Richard Slatten, "Interpreting Headrights in Colonial-Virginia Patents: Uses and Abuses," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly,'' Vol. 75 (1987):169-179. Digital version at [http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/ National Genealogical Society website] ($); {{FSC|39597|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 B2ng v. 75 (1987)}}; James W. Petty, "Seventeenth Century Virginia County Court Headright Certificates," ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 45, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 2001):3-22; Vol. 45, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 2001):112-122. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg}}; Noel Currer-Briggs, "Headrights and Pitfalls," ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 23 (Jan. 1979):45-46. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($); Charles E. Drake, "Virginia Headrights: Genealogical Content and Usage," ''Virginia Genealogical Society Quarterly,'' Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1982):50-52. Digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=6131 Ancestry] ($); {{FSC|478773|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vs}}.</ref> Colonial sources describing individuals as indentured or convict servants further develop a list. Military records kept about soldiers in the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War (particularly pensions) identify additional immigrants.  
 
McCartney completed a 20-year scholarly study of all persons known to have resided in Colonial Virginia between 1607 and 1634. She published the results in 2007 to celebrate Virginia's 400th anniversary:
 
*McCartney, Martha W. ''Virginia Immigrants and Adventurers 1607-1635: A Biographical Dictionary.'' Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2007. {{FSC|1384461|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 D36m}}.
 
The families of early settlers who left descendants are charted in:
 
*Dorman, John Frederick. ''Adventurers of Purse and Person, Virginia, 1607-1624/5.'' 3 vols. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004-2007. {{FSC|1149556|item|disp=FS Library Books 975.5 H2j v. 1 - v. 3}}.
 
Other studies establishing the identities of early Virginia immigrants include:
 
*''The Biographical Dictionary of Early Virginia, 1607- 1660'' lists many immigrants. See [[Virginia Biography]].
*Greer, George Cabell. ''Early Virginia Immigrants 1623-1666''. Richmond, Va.: W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912. Digital version at [http://books.google.com/books?id=xDISAAAAYAAJ Google Books], [http://www.evmedia.com/virginia/ evmedia website].
*Standard, W.G. ''Some Emigrants to Virginia: Memoranda in Regard to Several Hundred Emigrants to Virginia During the Colonial Period Whose Parentage is Shown or Former Residence Indicated by Authentic Records''. Richmond, Va.: The Bell Book & Stationery Company, 1911. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48413 Ancestry] ($), [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/185214-some-emigrants-to-virginia-memoranda-in-regard-to-several-hundred-emigrants-to-virginia-during-the-colonial-period-whose-parentage-is-shown-or-former-residence-indicated-by-authentic-records?offset=1 FamilySearch Digital Library], [http://books.google.com/books?id=TCASAAAAYAAJ Google Books], [https://www.archive.org/details/someemigrantstov00stan Internet Archive]. Free online surname index and purchase details for 2005 reprint at [http://www.mountainpress.com/books/va/details/va-0691w.html Mountain Press] website.
 
Headright grants document the importation of settlers into the colony. "Although it was possible to secure land on the headright system throughout the whole of the colonial period in Virginia, after about 1720 few of the land patents were issued on this basis."<ref>John Frederick Dorman, "Review of ''Cavaliers and Pioneers,''" in ''The Virginia Genealogist'', Vol. 24, No. 3 (Jul.-Sep. 1980):221. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg v. 24 (1980)}}</ref> They are kept at the [[Library of Virginia]]. They have been abstracted and digitized:
 
*Nugent, Nell M. et al. ''Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants'' (1623-1782). 8 vols. Richmond, Va.: Virginia Genealogical Society, 1934-200. {{FSC|160644|item|disp=FS Library Books 975.5 R2n v. 1-v. 8}}. Volume 1 (1623-1666) is available on [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=48408 Ancestry] ($) and [http://archive.org/details/cavalierspioneer00nuge Internet Archive] - free.<br>
 
Once the patentee's name is known it is possible to retrieve digital images of the original land office patents on the website of the [[Library of Virginia|Library of Virginia]], see: [http://lva1.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/F/5RRY7GYMGHQCI2LPGPHUFPID9I4VN1AN7QEHE8D54REKQ8RVC9-45281?func=find-m&find_code=WRD&request=&adjacent=N&find_base=CLAS30&btnSubmit=&filter_code_2=WYR&filter_request_2=&filter_code_3=WYR&filter_request_3=&filter_code_4=WFM&filter_request_4=&filter_code_5=WSL&filter_request_5= Virginia Land Office Patents and Grants].
 
{{Main|Virginia Land and Property}}
The Virginia Colonial Records Project at the [[Library of Virginia|Library of Virginia]] can help Americans trace their European immigrant origins. Scholars visited United Kingdom and other European archives searching for references to colonial-era Virginians. Their 14,704 records survey reports contain half a million names of persons and ships which are searchable at the Library's web site. They also microfilmed about two-thirds of the records they located. The 963 reels of microfilm are held at the Library of Virginia and are available for interlibrary loan. The Library's [http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/guides/opac/vcrpabout.htm About the Virginia Colonial Records Project] provides more information. See also: *Riley, Edward M. "The Virginia Colonial Records Project," ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 51, No. 2 (June 1963):81-89. {{FSC|39597|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 B2ng v. 51}}.
 
=== Virginians in English archives ===
Waters and Withington, like the Virginia Colonial Records Project scholars, sought out references to Virginians in English archives:
 
*Waters, Henry F. ''Genealogical Gleanings in England.'' Boston: New England Historic Genealogical Society, 1885-1889. Digital versions at Internet Archive: [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle02socigoog Vol. 1 (1st Part)] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle01socigoog Vol. 1 (2nd Part)] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalgle00socigoog Vol. 1 (3rd Part)]. 1901 edition; also at Internet Archive: [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalglea01byuwate Vol. 1] | [http://archive.org/details/genealogicalglea02byuwate Vol. 2] - all free.
 
*Withington, Lothrop. ''Virginia Gleanings in England: Abstracts of 17th and 18th-Century English Wills and Administrations Relating to Virginia and Virginians. ''{{FSC|78657|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
 
Withington's work, along with his successors Leo Culleton and Reginald M. Glencross, was originally published as a serial article in ''The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography'' between 1902 and 1948. Nearly the entire set (through 1922) is available online for free at JSTOR:
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" border="1"
|-
| bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="4" | <center>'''Virginia Gleanings in England''' by Withington</center>
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242536 Vol. 10, No. 3 (Jan. 1902)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242929 Vol. 16, No. 1 (Jul. 1908)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243319 Vol. 22, No. 1 (Jan. 1914)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243751 Vol. 28, No. 1 (Jan. 1920)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242556 Vol. 10, No. 4 (Apr. 1903)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242945 Vol. 16, No. 2 (Oct. 1908)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243342 Vol. 22, No. 2 (Apr. 1914)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243764 Vol. 28, No. 2 (Apr. 1920)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242575 Vol. 11, No. 1 (Jul. 1903)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242962 Vol. 17, No. 1 (Jan. 1909)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243363 Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul. 1914)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243774 Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul. 1920)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242591 Vol. 11, No. 2 (Oct. 1903)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242977 Vol. 17, No. 2 (Apr. 1909)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243386 Vol. 22, No. 4 (Oct. 1914)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243787 Vol. 28, No. 4 (Oct. 1920)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242619 Vol. 11, No. 3 (Jan. 1904)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242978 Vol. 17, No. 2 (Apr. 1909) Addenda]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243405 Vol. 23, No. 1 (Jan. 1915)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243801 Vol. 29, No. 1 (Jan. 1921)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242631 Vol. 11, No. 4 (Apr. 1904)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242995 Vol. 17, No. 3 (Jul. 1909)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243432 Vol. 23, No. 2 (Apr. 1915)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243830 Vol. 29, No. 3 (Jul. 1921)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242654 Vol. 12, No. 1 (Jul. 1904)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243018 Vol. 17, No. 4 (Oct. 1909)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243451 Vol. 23, No. 3 (Jul. 1915)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243844 Vol. 29, No. 4 (Oct. 1921)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242667 Vol. 12, No. 2 (Oct. 1904)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243036 Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan. 1910)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243470 Vol. 23, No. 4 (Oct. 1915)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243862 Vol. 30, No. 1 (Jan. 1922)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242688 Vol. 12, No. 3 (Jan. 1905)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243053 Vol. 18, No. 2 (Apr. 1910)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243489 Vol. 24, No. 1 (Jan. 1916)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243882 Vol. 30, No. 3 (Jul. 1922)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242706 Vol. 12, No. 4 (Apr. 1905)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243057 Vol. 18, No. 2 (Apr. 1910) Errata]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243512 Vol. 24, No. 2 (Apr. 1916)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243894 Vol. 30, No. 4 (Oct. 1922)]
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242725 Vol. 13, No. 1 (Jul. 1905)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243074 Vol. 18, No. 3 (Jul. 1910)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243550 Vol. 24, No. 4 (Oct. 1916)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243918 Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr. 1923)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242737 Vol. 13, No. 2 (Oct. 1905)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243091 Vol. 18, No. 4 (Oct. 1910)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243571 Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jan. 1917)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243928 Vol. 31, No. 3 (Jul. 1923)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242748 Vol. 13, No. 3 (Jan. 1906)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243130 Vol. 19, No. 2 (Apr. 1911)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243592 Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr. 1917)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243940 Vol. 31, No. 4 (Oct. 1923)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242765 Vol. 13, No. 4 (Apr. 1906)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243143 Vol. 19, No. 3 (Jul. 1911)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243608 Vol. 25, No. 3 (Jul. 1917)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243966 Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr. 1924)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242783 Vol. 14, No. 1 (Jul. 1906)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243162 Vol. 19, No. 4 (Oct. 1911)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243629 Vol. 25, No. 4 (Oct. 1917)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243978 Vol. 32, No. 3 (Jul. 1924)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242799 Vol. 14, No. 2 (Oct. 1906)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243180 Vol. 20, No. 1 (Jan. 1912)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243643 Vol. 26, No. 1 (Jan. 1918)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243989 Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct. 1924)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242814 Vol. 14, No. 3 (Jan. 1907)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243194 Vol. 20, No. 2 (Apr. 1912)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243666 Vol. 26, No. 2 (Apr. 1918)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4244108 Vol. 34, No. 4 (Oct. 1926)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242836 Vol. 14, No. 4 (Apr. 1907)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243209 Vol. 20, No. 3 (Jul. 1912)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243681 Vol. 26, No. 3 (Jul. 1918)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4244246 Vol. 37, No. 1 (Jan. 1929)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242850 Vol. 15, No. 1 (Jul. 1907)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243226 Vol. 20, No. 4 (Oct. 1912)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243698 Vol. 26, No. 4 (Oct. 1918)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4244262 Vol. 37, No. 2 (Apr. 1929)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242869 Vol. 15, No. 2 (Oct. 1907)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243261 Vol. 21, No. 2 (Apr. 1913)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243712 Vol. 27, No. 1 (Jan. 1919)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4244290 Vol. 37, No. 3 (Jul. 1929)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242889 Vol. 15, No. 3 (Jan. 1908)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243281 Vol. 21, No. 3 (Jul. 1913)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243720 Vol. 27, No. 2 (Apr. 1919)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4245521 Vol. 56, No. 1 (Jan. 1948)] ($)
|-
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242911 Vol. 15, No. 4 (Apr. 1908)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243301 Vol. 21, No. 4 (Oct. 1913)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4243731 Vol. 27, No. 3/4 (Jul.-Oct. 1919)]
| [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4245564 Vol. 56, No. 3 (Jul. 1948)] ($)
|}
 
Withington also located a list of people arriving in England who had been in Virginia in the years [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1918732 1655] and [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1915349 1656].<ref>Lothrop Withington, "Arrivals from Virginia in 1655," ''The William and Mary Quarterly,'' Vol. 20, No. 3 (Jan. 1912):186-187; Lothrop Withington, "Arrivals from Virginia in 1656," ''The William and Mary Quarterly,'' Vol. 21, No. 4 (Apr. 1913):258-262. Digitized by JSTOR - free.</ref>
 
Records of ethnic groups, including Huguenots, Mennonites, Scots, Germans, and blacks, are listed in the Locality Search of the FamilySearch Catalog under the subject heading VIRGINIA - MINORITIES.
 
Nugent identifies about 5,000 of the earliest immigrants to Virginia:
 
*Nugent, Nell M. ''Early Settlers of Virginia. ''Baltimore:  Genealogical Publishing Company 1969 (lists pre-1616 settlers)
 
==== English Immigrants  ====
 
In lieu of colonial passenger lists regarding early settlers of Virginia, genealogists must rely on evidence gleaned from a variety of sources to successfully trace immigrant origins.
 
Scholarly articles published in ''The American Genealogist'', the ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', and ''The Virginia Genealogist'' illustrate strategies that will help Americans trace their colonial Virginia immigrant origins.
 
The Prerogative Court of Canterbury in London proved the wills of many residents of Virginia. For access, see [[Virginia Probate Records|Virginia Probate Records]]. Heraldic visitations list some members of prominent English families who crossed the Atlantic. [http://www.medievalgenealogy.org.uk/sources/visitations.shtml Heralds' visitations and the College of Arms] includes a concise list of visitations available online. Online archive catalogs, such as [https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ Access to Archives], can be keyword searched for place names, such as "Virginia" to retrieve manuscripts stored in hundreds of English archives relating to persons and landholdings in this former English colony. These types of records establish links between Virginia residents and England, which can lead researchers back to their specific ancestral English towns, villages, and hamlets.
 
The multi-volume ''Calendar of Colonial State Papers Colonial, America, and West Indies'' (1574-1739), which is available for free online (see discussion in [[Virginia Public Records|Virginia Public Records]]), highlights many connections between England and Virginia.
 
A standard work on early Virginia immigrants, which includes some passenger lists, is now also widely available on the Internet:
 
*Hotten, John Camden. ''The Original Lists of Persons of Quality: Emigrants; Religious Exiles; Political Rebels; Serving Men Sold for a Term of Years; Apprentices; Children Stolen; Maidens Pressed; and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700, with Their Ages, the Localities Where They Formerly Lived in the Mother Country, the Names of the Ships in which They Embarked, and Other Interesting Particulars; from MSS. Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Public Record Office, England''. London: the author, 1874. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2065 Ancestry] ($); [http://books.google.com/books?id=B414AAAAMAAJ Google Books] and [https://www.archive.org/details/originallistsofp00hottuoft Internet Archive]; 1983 reprint: {{FSC|1055287|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 W2hot 1983}}.
 
Sherwood published additional references not found in Hotten's work:
 
*Sherwood, George. ''American Colonists in English Records.'' 1932.
 
Brandow also published an addendum to Hotten's work:
 
*Brandow, James C. ''Omitted Chapters from Hotten's Original Lists of Persons of Quality ... and Others Who Went from Great Britain to the American Plantations, 1600-1700''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2001. Digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49280 Ancestry] ($).
 
[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Peter Wilson Coldham]] has published several volumes of English records that identify hundreds of thousands, among other American immigrants, those destined for Virginia. Many English indentured servants completed labor terms in Virginia. Coldham's works are indexed in Filby's ''Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, 1500s-1900s'' (digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=7486 Ancestry] ($)).
 
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''British Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1788''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 2004. {{FSC|1210004|item|disp=FS Library CD-ROM no. 2150}}. Includes numerous Virginia immigrants. May show British hometown, emigration date, ship, destination, and text of the document abstract.
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1988. {{FSC|658375|item|disp=FS Library Book 942.41/B2 W2c}}; digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49090 Ancestry] ($); [http://sites.rootsweb.com/~brbwgw/PubForums.htm Chronicle Barbados] (Barbados entries only); [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown].
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Complete Book of Emigrants: 1607-1776''. n.p.: Brøderbund, 1996. {{FSC|773852|item|disp=FS Library CD-ROM no. 9 pt. 350}}; digital version of select portions at [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown].
 
For English passenger lists, 1773 to 1776, which include emigrants destined for Virginia, see:
 
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''Emigrants from England to the American Colonies, 1773-1776''. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing co., 1988. {{FSC|313545|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 W3c}}.
 
For London children apprenticed to Virginia colonists, see:
 
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. Christ's Hospital.
*Hume, Robert. ''Early child immigrants to Virginia, 1618-1642 : copied from the records of Bridewell Royal Hospital.'' Baltimore, Md.: Magna Carta Book Company, 1986. {{FSC|477424|item|disp=FS Library US/CAN Book 975.5 W2h}}
 
{{Main|Virginia Church Records#Clergy|Virginia Church Records}}
 
English officials kept records of payments made for the transportation of Anglican ministers to America, see:
 
*Fothergill, Gerald. ''A List of Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811''. London: E. Stock, 1904. Digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=4760 Ancestry] ($); [http://books.google.com/books?id=lVgEAAAAIAAJ Google Books]; [https://www.archive.org/details/listofemigrantmi00fothuoft Internet Archive], 1965 reprint: {{FSC|283621|item|disp=973 W2f 1965}}
 
Runaway advertisements for colonial indentured servants often yield immigration data. [http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/ The Geography of Slavery in Virginia: Virginia Runaways, Slave Advertisements, Runaway Advertisements] indexes these records (for both white indentured servants and black slaves). These records can also be found in the digitized [http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/BrowseVG.cfm ''Virginia Gazette 1736-1780''], available online through the Colonial Williamsburg website.
 
Murphy's research guide to tracing the English origins of Colonial Virginia '''indentured servants''' is available online: [https://immigrant.pricegen.com/search/simple.php "Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants: American and English Sources,"] ''National Genealogical Society Quarterly'', Vol. 93, No. 1 (Mar. 2005):5-24.
 
Two excellent websites, containing tens of thousands of indentured servants are:
 
#[http://www.pricegen.com/immigrantservants/search/simple.php Immigrant Servants Database] 20,000+ colonial immigrants, primary focus: Chesapeake Bay colonies (Virginia and Maryland)  
#[http://www.virtualjamestown.org Virtual Jamestown] Indentured servant registers from colonial period, which identify English indentured servants shipped to America
 
The English port of Whitehaven, in northwest England, had extensive trade dealings with Virginia and Maryland during the colonial period. For an excellent study of this trade and the families involved, see:<br>
 
*Lawrence-Dow, Elizabeth and Daniel Hay. ''Whitehaven to Washington''. Copeland, England, 1974. {{FSC|258446|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 H2d}}.<br>
 
==== African Immigrants  ====
 
{{Main|Virginia African Americans}}
 
The [http://www.slavevoyages.org/ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database] Internet site contains references to 35,000 slave voyages, including over 67,000 Africans aboard slave ships, using name, age, gender, origin, and place of embarkation. The database documents the slave trade between Africa, Europe, Brazil, the Caribbean, and the United States.
 
==== Scottish and Irish Immigrants  ====
 
Many Scottish merchants established stores where British goods were imported in eighteenth-century Virginia.
 
Scots-Irish settlement was particularly concentrated in the Shenandoah Valley during the eighteenth-century in places such as [[Augusta County, Virginia]].
 
David Dobson has dedicated many years to establishing links between Scots and their dispersed Scottish cousins who settled throughout the world. For Virginia connections, see publications by {{FSC|66144|author-id|disp=David Dobson}}.<br>
 
A helpful book about Scottish Highlanders in America is:
 
*MacLean, J.A.P. ''An Historical Account of the Settlements of Scotch Highlanders in America Prior to the Peace of 1783 Together with Notices of Highland Regiments and Biographical Sketches''. Cleveland, Ohio: The Helman-Taylor Company, 1900. Digital version at [https://www.archive.org/details/historicalaccoun00macluoft Internet Archive].
 
==== French Immigrants  ====
 
Huguenots came in 1700. Their settlement, in [[King William Parish, Virginia|King William Parish]], near Richmond on the James River, was known as Manakin Town.<ref>"Manakin Town: The French Huguenot Settlement in Virginia 1700-ca. 1750," ''National Humanities Center Resource Toolbox. Becoming American: The British Atlantic Colonies, 1690-1763,'' http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/pds/becomingamer/growth/text4/frenchvirginia.pdf, accessed 23 June 2012.</ref> They and many of their descendants lived in [[Henrico County, Virginia|Henrico]], [[Goochland County, Virginia|Goochland]], [[Cumberland County, Virginia|Cumberland]], and [[Powhatan County, Virginia|Powhatan]] counties.
 
==== German Immigrants  ====
 
A group of Germans created a settlement called Germanna in early eighteenth-century Virginia. Several books have been published about the history and genealogy of these families, such as:<br>
 
*Memorial Foundation of Germanna Colonies in Virginia. ''Germanna Heritage Book''. Culpeper, Va.: by the society, 2000. {{FSC|1007396|item|disp=FS Library US/CAN Large Q Book 975.5 D2gd no. 15}}.<br>
 
Herrmann Schuricht wrote a chapter titled "The first Germans in Virginia" in:<br>
 
*Lohr, Otto et al. ''The First Germans in America: With a Biographical Directory of New York Germans''. Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1992. {{FSC|524630|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 W2Lo}}.
 
Additional histories:
 
*Schuright, Herrmann. ''History of the German Element in Virginia''. 2 vols. Baltimore, Md.: T. Kroh, 1898, 1900. Digital versions at Google Books: [http://books.google.com/books?id=C1vNAAAAMAAJ Vol. 1]; [http://books.google.com/books?id=PVzNAAAAMAAJ Vol. 2]; 1977 reprint: {{FSC|491164|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 F2gs v. 1-2}}.
*Wust, Klaus. ''The Virginia Germans.'' Charlottesville, Va.: The University Press of Virginia, 1969.
 
[https://www.geni.com/projects/The-Palatine-Families-Project/735 The Palatine Project], sponsored by [http://www.progenealogists.com/ AncestryProGenealogists], includes annotated passenger lists for Germans entering Colonial Virginia.
 
'''[[Germanna Foundation]]''' maintains a visitor's center with genealogical library. They work to promote historic preservation as well as family history information and research.
 
=== Colonial Ships  ===
 
Though they do not include names of passengers, records kept by the Board of Trade and stored at [[England The National Archives|The National Archives]] (Kew, England), document ships' arrivals and departures from Virginia ports between 1698 and 1774. FamilySearch microfilmed these records. They are useful for learning about the history of ships entering the colony:
 
*Naval Office Shippings Lists for Virginia, 1698-1774 in the Public Record Office, London. {{FSC|301374|item|disp=FS Library Films 972825-972828}}.
 
For maritime court proceedings, see:
 
*Reese, George, ed. ''Proceedings of the Court of Vice-Admiralty of Virginia, 1698-1775.'' Richmond: Virginia State Library, 1983. {{FSC|478569|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 P2p}}.
 
Ports and eastern seaboard towns were divided into customs districts. In 1770, there were six:
 
Accomack District {{·}} James River Lower District {{·}} James River Upper District {{·}} South Potomac District {{·}} Rappahannock District {{·}} York River District<ref>Lester J. Cappon, Barbara Bartz Petchenik, and John H. Long, ''Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era, 1760-1790'' (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976), Plate 40. {{FSC|90443|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 E7ae}}.</ref>
 
Ships mentioned in the ''Virginia Gazette'' between 1736 and 1780 have been identified in the free online index produced by [http://research.history.org/DigitalLibrary/VirginiaGazette/VGPPIndex.cfm?firstltr=S Colonial Williamsburg]. The index links to scanned newspaper images.
 
Information about ships can also be gleaned from colonial county court order books and [[Virginia Public Records#Calendar_of_State_Papers_Colonial.2C_America_and_West_Indies|English State Papers Colonial, American and West Indies]].
 
If you believe your ancestor served on the '''crew '''of an English vessel that docked in Virginia, Rediker's book ''Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750'' ({{FSC|630553|item|disp=FS Library Book 942 U3re}})<ref>Marcus Rediker, ''Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea: Merchant Seamen, Pirates, and the Anglo-American Maritime World, 1700-1750'' (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987). {{FSC|630553|item|disp=FS Library Book 942 U3re}}.</ref> provides an excellent description of what your ancestor's life at sea would have been like. Records about these people are stored in England at facilities such as the [[England The National Archives|British National Archives]]. Their website offers research guides, such as [https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/records/ifa-merchant-navy-seamen-1835-1857-and-officers-1835-1913.pdf Merchant seamen serving up to 1857: further research].
 
If you believe your ancestor's ship was '''shipwrecked''', Shomette compiled a "Chronological Index to Documented Vessel Losses in the Chesapeake Tidewater (1608-1978)" as an appendix to ''Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake'' ({{FSC|487703|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 U3s}}) that can lead you to further information.<ref>Donald G. Shomette, ''Shipwrecks on the Chesapeake: Maritime Disasters on Chesapeake Bay and Its Tributaries, 1608-1978'' (Centreville, Md.: Tidewater Publishers, 1982), 242-287. {{FSC|487703|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 U3s}}.</ref> Shomette also wrote a book titled ''Pirates on the Chesapeake: Being a True History of Pirates, Picaroons, and Raiders on Chesapeake Bay, 1610-1807'' (1988) for those who believe they may have '''pirates''' in their family tree.
 
==== English Voyages  ====
 
British Naval Office Shipping Lists, 1678-1825, have been digitized by [http://www.britishonlinearchives.co.uk/collection.php?cid=9781851173181&pid=&did=&cat=&sid=BOABRAW&date_option=equal British Online Archives] (site requires subscription).
 
''Lloyd's Register of Shipping'' identifies ships leaving England, their masters, ports of departure, and destinations. They survive as early as 1764 and are being put online at [http://www.lr.org/en/research-and-innovation/historical-information/lloyds-register-of-ships-online/ Lloyd's Register of Ships Online] - free.
 
[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Peter Wilson Coldham]] compiled a list of convict ships travelling between English and Virginia ports during the eighteenth century. See appendix to:
 
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''British Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1788.'' CD-ROM. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004. {{FSC|1210004|item|disp=FS Library CD-ROM CD-ROM no. 2150}}.
 
Many English ships that voyaged to Colonial Virginia are also mentioned in:
 
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''English Adventurers and Emigrants: Abstracts of Examinations in the High Court of Admiralty with Reference to Colonial America''. 3 vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1984-. {{FSC|5169|item|disp=FS Library Book 942 P2cw v. 1 - v. 3}}
*[[Peter Wilson Coldham|Coldham, Peter Wilson]]. ''The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Pub. Co., 1988. {{FSC|658375|item|disp=FS Library Book 942.41/B2 W2c}}; digital versions at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49090 Ancestry] ($); [http://sites.rootsweb.com/~brbwgw/PubForums.htm Chronicle Barbados] (free; Barbados entries only); [http://www.virtualjamestown.org/indentures/search_indentures.html Virtual Jamestown] (free).
 
Many ships that sailed from Bristol, England to Virginia are described in: ''Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-Century Slave Trade to America 1698-1807'' (4 vols.) {{FSC|504033|item|disp=FS Library British Books 942.41/B2 B4b v. 38-39, 42, 47}}. All four volumes are available for free online at the [http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/History/bristolrecordsociety/publications.htm Bristol Record Society website].
 
'''Historic Jamestowne - National Park Service '''
*[https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/genealogical-research-for-a-jamestown-ancestor.htm Genealogical Research for a Jamestown Ancestor]
 
==== German Voyages  ====
 
Dr. Marianne S. Wokeck created a detailed list of "German Immigrant Voyages, 1683-1775" to Colonial America. Destinations include Virginia (1730s-1750s). She published the list in an Appendix to:
 
*Wokeck, Marianne S. ''Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America''. University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999. {{FSC|1023023|item|disp=FS Library Book 970 W2w}}.
 
==== Irish Voyages  ====
 
A list of Irish ships that made voyages to the English colonies in America is included in:
 
*Griffin, Patrick. ''The People With No Name: Ireland's Ulster Scots, America's Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689-1764.'' Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001.
 
==== Scottish Voyages  ====
 
Dr. [[David Dobson|David Dobson]] has compiled a detailed list of ships voyaging between Scotland and America. Volume 4 includes information gleaned from the ''Virginia Gazette'':
 
*[[David Dobson|Dobson, David]]. ''Ships from Scotland to America, 1628-1828''. 4 vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co.  Vol 1: {{WorldCat|38433997|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; Vol 2: {{WorldCat|945991408|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; Vol 3: {{WorldCat|56910368|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; Vol 4: {{WorldCat|703229287|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; {{FSC|691567|item|disp=FS Library Books 973 W3d v. 1-v. 3}} FS Library has Volumes 1 to 4.
 
=== 1783 to Present  ===
 
The FamilySearch Library and the National Archives have many of the post-1820 passenger lists and indexes for Baltimore, Philadelphia, and other major ports. These are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under [STATE], [COUNTY], [CITY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.
 
The FamilySearch Library and the National Archives also have incomplete passenger lists for the following ports.
*Alexandria, 1820-1865 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*East River, 1830 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Hampton, 1820-1821 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Norfolk and Portsmouth, 1820-1857 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Petersburg, 1820-1821 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
*Richmond, 1820-1844 {{FSC|66154|item|disp=FamilySearch Catalog}}
 
The above lists are included in ''Copies of Lists of Passengers Arriving at Miscellaneous Ports on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts'' . . . (in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; {{FSC|830231}}-{{FSC|830246}}. These lists are indexed in ''Supplemental Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports'' . . . (in the FamilySearch Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION - INDEXES; {{FSC|418161}}-{{FSC|418348}}
 
During the War of 1812, American officials reported finding a total of 333 British aliens, many of whom had families, living in Virginia. Most British immigrants were settling in the capital, and in towns, and ports at that time. The numbers show that immigration from Great Britain to Virginia had decreased considerably from the high levels reached during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries:<ref name="null">Kenneth Scott, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/title/british-aliens-in-the-united-states-during-the-war-of-1812/oclc/5711802 British Aliens in the United States During the War of 1812]'' (Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1979), 320-333. {{FSC|78653|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 W4s}}; digital version at [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=49091 Ancestry] ($).</ref>
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" border="1"
|-
| bgcolor="#cccccc" | <center>'''Place'''</center>
| bgcolor="#cccccc" | <center>'''Aliens'''</center>
| bgcolor="#cccccc" | <center>'''Place'''</center>
| bgcolor="#cccccc" | <center>'''Aliens'''</center>
|-
| <center>Richmond</center>
| <center>105</center>
| <center>Fairfax, Alexandria</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Petersburg</center>
| <center>50</center>
| <center>Baltimore</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Norfolk, Boro</center>
| <center>36</center>
| <center>Bedford</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Rockbridge</center>
| <center>16</center>
| <center>Charles City</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>No place</center>
| <center>13</center>
| <center>Charlotte</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Campbell, Lynchburg</center>
| <center>11</center>
| <center>Cumberland</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Spotsylvania, Fredericksburg</center>
| <center>7</center>
| <center>Dinwiddie</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Wythe</center>
| <center>7</center>
| <center>Elizabeth City</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Culpeper</center>
| <center>6</center>
| <center>Fluvanna</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Fauquier</center>
| <center>6</center>
| <center>Grayson</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Henrico</center>
| <center>6</center>
| <center>Greenbrier</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Powhatan</center>
| <center>5</center>
| <center>Hanover</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Chesterfield, Manchester</center>
| <center>4</center>
| <center>Jefferson, Charles Town</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Stafford, Falmouth</center>
| <center>4</center>
| <center>Loudoun, Leesburg</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Botetourt</center>
| <center>3</center>
| <center>Louisa</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Chesterfield</center>
| <center>3</center>
| <center>Madison</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Norfolk County</center>
| <center>3</center>
| <center>Middlesex</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Botetourt, Fincastle</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Norfolk, Portsmouth</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Cumberland, Cartersville</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Northumberland</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Elizabeth City, Hampton</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Philadelphia [sic]</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Goochland</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Pittsylvania</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Harrison</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Prince George</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Kentucky, Lexington</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Prince William, Dumfries</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Lunenburg</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Southampton</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Princess Anne</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Spotsylvania</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Washington, Abingdon</center>
| <center>2</center>
| <center>Washington</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Accomack</center>
| <center>1</center>
| <center>Westmoreland</center>
| <center>1</center>
|-
| <center>Albemarle, Charlottesville</center>
| <center>1</center>
| <center>Wood</center>
| <center>1</center>
|}
 
Free native-born Virginians, alive in 1850, who had left the state, resettled as follows:<ref name="Lynch">These statistics do not account for the large number of Virginians who had resettled and died before the year 1850. See: William O. Lynch, "The Westward Flow of Southern Colonists before 1861," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug. 1943):303-327. Digital version at [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2191319 JSTOR] ($).</ref>
 
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" width="100%" border="1"
|-
| bgcolor="#cccccc" | <center>'''State'''</center>
| bgcolor="#cccccc" | <center>'''Persons Born in Virginia'''</center>
| bgcolor="#cccccc" | <center>'''Percentage'''</center>
|-
| <center>Ohio</center>
| <center>85,762</center>
| <center>22%</center>
|-
| <center>Kentucky</center>
| <center>54,694</center>
| <center>14%</center>
|-
| <center>Tennessee</center>
| <center>46,631</center>
| <center>12%</center>
|-
| <center>Indiana</center>
| <center>41,819</center>
| <center>11%</center>
|-
| <center>Missouri</center>
| <center>40,777</center>
| <center>11%</center>
|-
| <center>Illinois</center>
| <center>24,697</center>
| <center>6%</center>
|-
| <center>Alabama</center>
| <center>10,387</center>
| <center>3%</center>
|-
| <center>Mississippi</center>
| <center>8,357</center>
| <center>2%</center>
|-
| <center>Georgia</center>
| <center>7,331</center>
| <center>2%</center>
|-
| <center>Texas</center>
| <center>3,580</center>
| <center>1%</center>
|-
| <center>Louisiana</center>
| <center>3,216</center>
| <center>1%</center>
|-
| <center>Other</center>
| <center>60,808</center>
| <center>16%</center>
|-
| <center>'''Total'''</center>
| <center>'''388,059'''</center>
| <center>'''101%'''</center>
|}
 
Many Virginians moved to [[Georgia Genealogy (state)|Georgia]] immediately after the American Revolution.<ref>John Frederick Dorman, "Review of ''Research in Georgia,"'' in ''The Virginia Genealogist,'' Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr.-Jun. 1981):147. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg v. 25 (1981)}}</ref> Barlow published records identifying some of them:
 
*Barlow, Lundie W. "Some Virginia Settlers of Georgia, 1773-1798," ''The Virginia Genealogist'', Vol. 2, No. 1 (Jan.-Mar. 1958):19-27. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($).
 
What was it like to move from Virginia to [[Kentucky, United States Genealogy|Kentucky]] in the early 1800s? Daniel Trabue's journal makes a fascinating read:
 
*Young, Chester Raymond. ''Westward into Kentucky, The Narrative of Daniel Trabue''. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky, 1981. {{FSC|57459|item|disp=FS Library Book 976.9 H2td}}.
 
What was it like to move from Virginia to [[Alabama, United States Genealogy|Alabama]] in the early 1800s? Owen's journal of his trip is available online at [https://archive.org/details/publicationssou02assogoog/page/n100/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive] - free.<ref>"John Owen's Journal of His Removal from Virginia to Alabama in 1818," ''Publications of the Southern History Association,'' Vol. 1, No. 2 (Apr. 1897):89-97. Digitized by [http://archive.org/stream/publicationssou02assogoog#page/n100/mode/2up Internet Archive].</ref>
 
Dorothy Williams Potter in ''Passports of Southeastern Pioneers 1770-1823'' ({{FSC|265121|item|disp=FS Library Book 975 W4p}}) identifies some migrants from Virginia into territories that are now [[Alabama, United States Genealogy|Alabama]], [[Florida Genealogy|Florida]], [[Louisiana Genealogy|Louisiana]], [[Mississippi Genealogy|Mississippi]], and [[Missouri, United States Genealogy|Missouri]].
 
Robertson compiled a list of Virginians in Kansas in 1860:<br>
 
*Robertson, Clara Hamlett. ''Kansas Territorial Settlers of 1860 Who were Born in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina: A Compilation with Historical Annotations and Editorial Comment''. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1976. {{FSC|978.1 H2ro}}. '''''Online at:''''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/48580/ Ancestry] ($).
 
British Mercantile Claims identify migrations made by many Virginians during the period 1775 to 1803. The folks listed owed debts to overseas British merchants at the opening of the Revolutionary War and after the War was over, the merchants came to collect their debts, only to find that many of these people had moved. Dorman published these records in ''The Virginia Genealogist'', beginning with Volume 6. Digital version at [https://www.americanancestors.org/search/databasesearch/285/virginia-genealogist-the American Ancestors] by NEHGS ($). {{FSC|33159|item|disp=FS Library Book 975.5 B2vg v. 6 (1962)}}.
 
Dr. Koontz wrote a helpful article about life on "The Virginia Frontier, 1754-1763," ''Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science'' (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1925). Digital version at [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/81808-the-virginia-frontier-1754-1763?offset=1 FamilySearch Digital Library].


== References  ==
== References  ==


<references />
''[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/Search/Rg/frameset_rg.asp?Dest=G1&Aid=&Gid=&Lid=&Sid=&Did=&Juris1=&Event=&Year=&Gloss=&Sub=&Tab=&Entry=&Guide=Virginia.ASP Virginia Research Outline].'' Salt Lake City, Utah: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., Family History Department, 1998, 2001.


{{Virginia|Virginia}}  
{{Virginia|Virginia}}  
</div>{{-}}
 
[[Category:Virginia, United States]] [[Category:United States Emigration and Immigration|1]] [[Category:Huguenots]]
[[Category:Virginia|Emigration]] [[Category:Huguenots]] [[Category:English]]

Revision as of 12:43, 30 September 2010

Portal:United States Emigration and Immigration >Virginia

The original European settlers came in the early 17th century from the midland and southern counties of England. They first settled in Virginia's tidewater (coastal plain). Although the first blacks arrived in 1619, large numbers of blacks were imported beginning about 1680. Small landholders moved westward to the Piedmont, where they were joined by a new wave of English and Scottish immigrants.

In the early 1700s, French Huguenots arrived, followed by German workers imported between 1714 and 1717 to work iron furnaces in the Piedmont area. During the 1730s and 1740s, a large number of settlers of Ulster Scot and German descent moved southward from Pennsylvania down the Allegheny Ridges into the Shenandoah Valley.

Beginning in the late 18th century, Virginia lost many residents as families moved westward to new states and territories. There was very little foreign immigration to Virginia after 1800.

Records[edit | edit source]

Most surviving lists of colonial Virginia immigrants have been published in various sources. Almost all names of colonial immigrants listed in published sources are indexed in P. William Filby, Passenger and Immigration Lists Index, described in Tracing Immigrants Arrival Emigration and Immigration. This lists several other important sources for finding information about immigrants. These nationwide sources include many references to people who settled in Virginia. Tracing Immigrant Origins introduces the principles, search strategies, and additional record types you can use to identify an immigrant ancestor's original hometown.

The Biographical Dictionary of Early Virginia, 1607- 1660 lists many immigrants. See the “Biography” section of this outline.

A comprehensive list of about 140,000 immigrants to America from Britain is:

  • Coldham, Peter Wilson. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1607-1776, and Emigrants in Bondage, 1614-1775. Novato, California: Brøderbund Software, 1996. (Family History Library compact disc no. 9 pt. 350[does not circulate to Family History Centers].) Includes numerous Virginia immigrants. May show British hometown, emigration date, ship, destination, and text of the document abstract.

The major port in Virginia was Norfolk, but many settlers arrived at Baltimore, Philadelphia, or other ports and then migrated to Virginia.

The Family History Library and the National Archives have many of the post-1820 passenger lists and indexes for Baltimore, Philadelphia, and other major ports. These are listed in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under [STATE], [COUNTY], [CITY] - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION.

The Family History Library and the National Archives also have incomplete passenger lists for the following ports.

The above lists are included in Copies of Lists of Passengers Arriving at Miscellaneous Ports on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts . . . (in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION; FHL 830231-FHL 830246. These lists are indexed in Supplemental Index to Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at Atlantic and Gulf Coast Ports . . . (in the Family History Library Catalog Locality Search under UNITED STATES - EMIGRATION AND IMMIGRATION - INDEXES; FHL 418161-FHL 418348

Records of ethnic groups, including Huguenots, Mennonites, Scots, Germans, and blacks, are listed in the Locality Search of the Family History Library Catalog under the subject heading VIRGINIA - MINORITIES. The following contains abstracts and indexes to wills, mentioning about 5,000 immigrants to Virginia:

  • Nugent, Nell M. Early Settlers of Virginia. Baltimore:  Genealogical Publishing Company 1969 (lists pre-1616 settlers)
  • O'Brien, Michael J. Irish In America. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company 1965. FHL 973 F2oi
  • Withington, Lathrop. Virginia Gleanings in England: Abstracts of 17th and 18th-Century English Wills and Administrations Relating to Virginia and Virginians. FHL 975.5 P28w 

Westward Migrants[edit | edit source]

  • Robertson, Clara Hamlett. Kansas Territorial Settlers of 1860 Who were Born in Tennessee, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina: A Compilation with Historical Annotations and Editorial Comment. Baltimore, Md.: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1976. FHL 978.1 H2ro; digital version at World Vital Records ($).

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • Fothergill, Gerald. A List of Emigrant Ministers to America, 1690-1811. London: E. Stock, 1904. Digital versions at Ancestry ($); Google Books; Internet Archive, 1965 reprint: FHL 973 W2f 1965
  • Greer, George Cabell. Early Virginia Immigrants 1623-1666. Richmond, Virginia: W.C. Hill Printing Co., 1912. Digital book at Google Books (full-view).
  • Stanard, W.G. Some Emigrants to Virginia: Memoranda in Regard to Several Hundred Emigrants to Virginia During the Colonial Period Whose Parentage is Shown or Former Residence Indicated by Authentic Records. Richmond, Virginia: Wm. Ellis Jones' Sons, Inc., Printers, 1911. Digital book at Google Books (full-view).

Web Sites[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

Virginia Research Outline. Salt Lake City, Utah: Intellectual Reserve, Inc., Family History Department, 1998, 2001.

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Topics
Counties
Accomack • Albemarle • Alleghany • Amelia • Amherst • Appomattox • Arlington • Augusta • Bath • Bedford • Bland • Botetourt • Brunswick • Buchanan • Buckingham • Campbell • Caroline • Carroll • Charles City • Charlotte • Chesterfield • Clarke • Craig • Culpeper • Cumberland • Dickenson • Dinwiddie • Essex • Fairfax • Fauquier • Floyd • Fluvanna • Franklin • Frederick • Giles • Gloucester • Goochland • Grayson • Greene • Greensville • Halifax • Hanover • Henrico • Henry • Highland • Isle of Wight • James City • King and Queen • King George • King William • Lancaster • Lee • Loudoun • Louisa • Lunenburg • Madison • Mathews • Mecklenburg • Middlesex • Montgomery • Nelson • New Kent • Northampton • Northumberland • Nottoway • Orange • Page • Patrick • Pittsylvania • Powhatan • Prince Edward • Prince George • Prince William • Pulaski • Rappahannock (New) • Richmond • Roanoke • Rockbridge • Rockingham • Russell • Scott • Shenandoah • Smyth • Southampton • Spotsylvania • Stafford • Surry • Sussex • Tazewell • Warren • Washington • Westmoreland • Wise • Wythe • York
Independent
Cities
Extinct Counties/Cities
Counties
gone to KY
Counties
gone to WV
Barbour • Berkeley • Boone • Braxton • Brooke • Cabell • Calhoun • Clay • Doddridge • Fayette • Gilmer • Greenbrier • Hampshire • Hancock • Hardy • Harrison • Jackson • Jefferson • Kanawha • Lewis • Logan • Marion • Marshall • Mason • McDowell • Mercer • Monongalia • Monroe • Morgan • Nicholas • Ohio • Pendleton • Pleasants • Pocahontas • Preston • Putnam • Raleigh • Randolph • Ritchie • Roane • Taylor • Tucker • Tyler • Upshur • Wayne • Webster • Wetzel • Wirt • Wood • Wyoming
Colonial
Parishes
Abingdon • Accomac • Accomack • Albemarle • Amherst • Antrim • Appomattox • Argall's Gift • Augusta • Bath • Beckford • Berkeley • Blisland • Blount Point • Botetourt • Boutracy • Bristol • Bromfield • Brunswick • Bruton • Camden • Cameron • Charles City • Charles • Charles River • Chickacoan • Chickahominy • Chippokes • Chiskiack • Chotank • Christ Church (Lancaster Co.) • Christ Church (Middlesex Co.) • Chuckatuck • Cople • Cornwall • Cumberland • Dale • Denbigh • Dettingen • Drysdale • East • Elizabeth City • Elizabeth River • Fairfax • Fairfield • Farnham • Flowerdew Hundred • Fluvanna • Frederick • Fredericksville • Hamilton • Hampton • Hanover • Harrop • Henrico • Hog Island • Hungars • James City • Jordan's Journey • Kecoughtan • Kingston • King William • Lancaster • Lawnes Creek • Lee • Leeds • Lexington • Littleton • Lower (Elizabeth City Co.) • Lower (Isle of Wight Co.) • Lower (Lancaster Co.) • Lower (Nansemond Co.) • Lower (Northampton Co.) • Lower (Stafford Co.) • Lower (Upper Norfolk Co.) • Lower Suffolk • Lunenburg • Lynnhaven • Machodick • Manchester • Marston • Martin's Brandon • Martin's Hundred • Meherrin • Middle Plantation • Middletowne • Montgomery • Mulberry Island • New Poquoson • Newport • Nomini • Norborne • Northampton • North Farnham • Nottoway (Prince Edward Co.) • Nottoway (Southampton Co.) • Nutmeg Quarter • Occohannock • Overwharton • Patrick • Petsworth • Piankatank • Piscataway • Poropotank • Portsmouth • Potomac • Raleigh • Richmond • Rockbridge • Rockingham • Russell • St. Andrew's • St. Anne's (Albemarle Co.) • St. Anne's (Essex and Caroline Cos.) • St. Asaph's • St. Brides • St. David's • St. George's (Accomack Co.) • St. George's (Spotsylvania Co.) • St. James Northam • St. James Southam • St. James's (Goochland Co.) • St. James's (Mecklenburg Co.) • St. John's • St. Luke's • St. Margaret's • St. Mark's • St. Martin's • St. Mary's • St. Mary's Whitechapel • St. Patrick's • St. Paul's (Hanover Co.) • St. Paul's (King George Co.) • St. Peter's • St. Stephen's (King and Queen Co.) • St. Stephen's (Northumberland Co.) • St. Thomas • Shelburne • Sittenburne • Smith's Hundred • South • Southampton • South Farnham • Southwark • Stafford • Stanley Hundred • Stratton Major • Suffolk • Tillotson • Trinity (Lancaster Co.) • Trinity (Louisa Co.) • Truro • Upper (Elizabeth City Co.) • Upper (Isle of Wight Co.) • Upper (Lancaster Co.) • Upper (Nansemond Co.) • Upper (Northampton Co.) • Upper (Stafford Co.) • Upper Suffolk • Varina • Wallingford • Ware • Warrosquyoake • Warwick • Washington (Westmoreland Co.) • Washington (Washington Co.) • Waters Creek • West • West and Shirley • Westbury • Westover • Weyanoke • Wicomico • Wilmington • York • Yorkhampton
Major
Repositories
Bristol Public Library · Germanna Foundation Library · Handley Regional Library · Historical Society of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, PA) · Historical Society of Washington, D.C. · John D. Rockefeller Jr. Library at Colonial Williamsburg · Jones Memorial Library · Library of Congress (Washington, DC) · Library of Virginia · Mary Ball Washington Museum and Library · Maryland State Archives (Annapolis, MD) · National Archives I (Washington, DC) · National Archives II (College Park, MD) · National Archives at Philadelphia (PA) · National Genealogical Society · New York Public Library (New York City, NY) · Pennsylvania State Archives (Harrisburg, PA) · Portsmouth Public Library · Roanoke County Public Library · Salisbury University Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History and Culture (Salisbury, MD) · Santa Cruz Public Library Downtown (Santa Cruz, CA) · University of Virginia Library · Virginia Department of Health · Virginia Historical Society · Virginia Theological Seminary · Washington National Records Center (Suitland, MD) · William and Mary College Swem Library
Migration
Routes
Routes: Chesapeake Bay • James River • Potomac River • Rappahannock River • York River • Chesapeake and Ohio Canal • Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad • Fall Line Road (or Southern Road) • Great Indian Warpath • Great Trading Path • Great Valley Road • Kanawha Trail • King's Highway • National Road (Cumberland Road) • New River and Southern Trail • Occaneechi Path • Old Cherokee Path • Old Northwestern Turnpike • Pamunkey-New River Trail • Pioneer Road • Richmond Road • Richmond-Williamsburg Road • Saura-Saponi Trail • Secondary Coast Road • Upper Road • Wilderness Road • Wilmington, Highpoint, and Northern Trail • Ports: Atlantic Coast Ports • Accomack • Alexandria • Belvoir Plantation • Bermuda Hundred • Dumfries • Falmouth • Fredericksburg • Hampton • Jamestown • Leedstown • Norfolk • Port Royal • Portsmouth • South Quay • Suffolk • Tappahannock (aka Hobb's Hole) • Urbanna • Williamsburg • Yorktown

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