African American Migration: Difference between revisions

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}}<div id="fsButtons"><span class="online_records_button">[[African American Online Genealogy Records]]</span></div>
}}<div id="fsButtons"><span class="online_records_button">[[African American Online Genealogy Records]]</span></div>


A record of major migrations of African Americans and precipitating events.  <br><br>


==African American Migration==
=== Emigration to Canada ===
A record of major migrations of African Americans and precipitating events.   <br><br>
*[https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/374424-the-refugee-or-the-narratives-of-fugitive-slaves-in-canada-microform?offset=1 Benjamin Drew. ''A north-side view of slavery : the refugee, or, The narratives of fugitive slaves in Canada related by themselves, with an account of the history and condition of the colored population of Upper Canada.'' Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1856. Digital Book]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1804488 George Hendrick. ''Black refugees in Canada : accounts of escape during the era of slavery.'' Jefferson, McFarland & Co., 2010. FHL 971 H6h]
*[https://archive.org/details/refugeesfromslav00howe/page/n5 S.G. Howe. ''The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Report to the Freedmen's Inquiry Commission.'' Boston: Wright & Potter, printers, 1864.]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Freedmen%27s_Inquiry_Commission Freedmen's Inquiry Commission]


== American Revolution ==
==== American Revolution ====


Enslaved Americans migrated to Canada in search of freedom after the American Revolution See: [http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/web-sites-on-africans-in-canada/ Africans in Canada]
American slaves migrated to Canada in search of freedom after the American Revolution See: [http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/web-sites-on-africans-in-canada/ Africans in Canada]
 
== Emigration to Canada ==
*''A north-side view of slavery : the refugee, or, The narratives of fugitive slaves in Canada related by themselves, with an account of the history and condition of the colored population of Upper Canada,'' by Benjamin Drew. Boston: John P. Jewett and Company, 1856. '''''Online at''''' {{FSDL|374424}}
*''Black refugees in Canada : accounts of escape during the era of slavery,'' by George Hendrick.  Jefferson, McFarland & Co., 2010. {{FSC|1804488|item|disp=FS Catalog book 971 H6h}}; {{WorldCat|610030208|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://archive.org/details/refugeesfromslav00howe/page/n5  ''The Refugees from Slavery in Canada West. Report to the Freedmen's Inquiry Commission,''] by S.G. Howe. Boston: Wright & Potter, printers, 1864.
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Freedmen%27s_Inquiry_Commission Freedmen's Inquiry Commission]
*''The underground railroad : next stop, *Toronto!'' by Adrienne Shadd, Afua Cooper and Karolyn Smardz Frost. Toronto, Ontario : Natural Heritage Books, c2002. {{FSC|1188977|item|disp=FS Catalog book 971.3541 F2sa}};  {{WorldCat|9789446998|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}


=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad Underground Railroad] ===
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad Underground Railroad] ===
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*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/68886418 National Scenic Byway- Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad (Maryland) NAID 68886418 - National Archives]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/68886418 National Scenic Byway- Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad (Maryland) NAID 68886418 - National Archives]
*[https://freedomonthemove.org/ Freedom on the Move. A database of fugitives from American Slavery. Cornell University]
*[https://freedomonthemove.org/ Freedom on the Move. A database of fugitives from American Slavery. Cornell University]
*''The Underground Railroad : a Record of Facts, Authentic Narratives, letters, &c., Narrating the Hardships, Hair-breadth Escapes, and Death Struggles of the Slaves in their Efforts for Freedom, as Related by Themselves and Others or Witnessed by the Author : Together With Sketches of Some of the largest Stockholders and most Liberal Aiders and Advisers of the Road,'' by William Still, Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.] '''''Online at''''' [https://archive.org/details/undergroundrail00stil/page/n11/mode/2up  Internet Archive]
*[https://archive.org/details/undergroundrail00stil/page/n11 William Still.''The underground rail road : a record of facts, authentic narratives, letters, &c., narrating the hardships, hair-breadth escapes, and death struggles of the slaves in their efforts for freedom, as related by themselves and others or witnessed by the author : together with sketches of some of the largest stockholders and most liberal aiders and advisers of the road.'' Philadelphia: Porter & Coates, 1872.]  
 
==== [https://www.nps.gov/orgs/1205/index.htm Nework to Freedom - National Park Service] ====


== Network to Freedom - National Park Service ==


*'''[https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/about_ntf/index.htm Network to Freedom - Index]'''
*'''[https://www.nps.gov/subjects/ugrr/about_ntf/index.htm Network to Freedom - Index]'''
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''' Reference Sources '''
''' Reference Sources '''
*''Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad,'' by J. Blaine Hudson. Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Co., 2006. {{FSC|1339253|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 973 H26hj}}. {{WorldCat|883647476|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1339253 J. Blaine Hudson. ''Encyclopedia of the underground railroad'' Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Co., 2006. FHL 973 H26hj] 
*''Reminiscences of Levi Coffin, the Reputed President of the Underground Railroad : being a brief history of the labors of a lifetime in behalf of the slave, with the stories of numerous fugitives, who gained their freedom through his instrumentality, and many other incidents,'' by Levi Coffin. Cincinnati, Ohio : Western Tract Society, 1876. '''''Online at '''''{{FSDL|187355}}; {{WorldCat|271221186|item|disp=Also at various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/131446 Larry Gara. ''The liberty line : the legend of the Underground Railroad.''Lexington, Kentucky : University of Kentucky Press, 1961. FHL973 F2ag]
*''The Liberty Line : The legend of the Underground Railroad,'' by Larry Gara, Lexington, Kentucky : University of Kentucky Press, 1961. {{FSC|131446|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 973 F2ag}};  {{WorldCat|828424714|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/86666 William Still. ''The Underground railroad'' reprint of 1871 ed. New York, New York : Arno Press, 1968. FHL 973 F2asL]
*''The Underground Railroad,'' by William Still. reprint of 1871 ed. New York, New York : Arno Press, 1968. {{FSC|86666|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 973 F2asL}}; {{WorldCat|426607|item|disp=At various locations (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1001049  Wilbur H. Siebert. ''The Underground railroad from slavery to freedom.'' reprint of 1898 ed.North Stratford, New Hampshire : Ayer Pub. Co., 2000. FHL 973 F2siw]
* ''The Underground Railroad from slavery to freedom,'' by Wilbur H. Siebert. Reprint of 1898 ed. North Stratford, New Hampshire : Ayer Pub. Co., 2000. '''''Online at''''' [https://archive.org/details/undergroundrailr00sieb Internet Archive]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1478714 Peter hinks and John McKivigan, eds., R. Owen Williams, assistant Ed., '' Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition.'' Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2007. FHL 326.803 H593e vols. 1-2]
*'' Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition.'' by Peter Hinks and John McKivigan, eds., R. Owen Williams, assistant Ed., , Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2007. {{FSC|1478714|item|disp=FS Catalog Books 326.803 H593e vols. 1-2}}; {{WorldCat|230763683|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
   
   


''' State and Local Source'''
''' State and Local Sources Publications'''
 
''' District of Columbia'''
*''District of Columbia D.C. Department of Corrections runaway slave book, 1848-1863 : U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia fugitive slave cases, 1862-1863,'' by Jerry M. Hynson. Westminster, Maryland : Willow Bend Books, 1999. {{FSC|968374|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 975.3 F2hj}}


''' Illinois'''
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/968374 Jerry M. Hynson. ''District of Columbia D.C. Department of Corrections runaway slave book, 1848-1863 : U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia fugitive slave cases, 1862-1863.''Westminster, Maryland : Willow Bend Books,1999. FHL975.3 F2hj]
*'' The Underground Railroad in Illinois,'' by Glennette Tilley Turnr. Glen Ellyn, Illinois: Newman Educational Pub., 2001. {{FSC|1887650|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 977.3 H2tg}}; {{WorldCat|46688070|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1887650 Glennette Tilley Turnr. " The Underground Railroad in Illinois." Glen Ellyn, Illinois: Newman Educational Pub., 2001. FHL 977.3 H2tg]
*''The Underground Railroad in Western Illinois,'' by Owen W. Muelder. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2008. {{FSC|1573214|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 977.3 H2mo}}; {{WorldCat|175289874|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1573214 Owen W. Muelder. " The Underground Railroad in western Illinois." Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2008. FHL 977.3 H2mo]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1058007 J. Blaine Hudson. " Fugitive Slaves and the underground railroad in the Kentucky borderland." Jefferson,North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2002. FHL 976.9 F2h]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/969981 Emma Marie Trusty. "The Underground railroad: ties that bound unveiled ; a history of the underground railroad in southern New Jersey from 1770 to 1861."Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Amed Literary Inc, 1999. FHL 974.9 F2te]   
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1031003 William J. Switala. "Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania." Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2001. FHL 974.8 F2sw]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1838652 R.C. Smedley. " HIstory of the Underground Railroad: in Chester and the neighboring counties of Pennsylvania." reprint. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2005.]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/272018 Wilbur Henry Siebert. "Vermont's anti-slavery and underground railroad record, with a map and illustrations." reprint. (New York, 1969) FHL 974.3 H2si]


''' Kentucky'''
''' Archives and Libraries '''
*''Fugitive Slaves and the Underground Railroad in the Kentucky Borderland,'' by J. Blaine Hudson.  Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2002. {{FSC|1058007|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 976.9 F2h}}; {{WorldCat|49903443|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
 
''' New Jersey'''
* ''The Underground Railroad: Ties that Bound Unveiled ; a History of the Underground Railroad in Southern New Jersey from 1770 to 1861.'' by Emma Marie Trusty.  Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : Amed Literary Inc, 1999. {{FSC|969981|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 974.9 F2te}};  {{WorldCat|43810655|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
 
''' New York'''
*''The Underground Railroad in the Adirondack region,'' by Tom Calarco.  Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company Inc., Publishers, [2011?}}, 2004. {{FSC|3754086|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 974.75 H6c}}; {{WorldCat|53215764|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''Underground Railroad Tales with Routes through the Finger Lakes Region,'' by Emerson Klees. Rochester, New York : Friends of the Finger Lakes Pub., 1997. {{FSC|685191|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 974.78 H2k}}; {{WorldCat|37312104|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''Underground railroad in Tompkins County, (N.Y.)''  Ithaca, New York : S.H. Gallwey, 1963. '''''Online at''''' {{FSDL|424892}}
*''Final stop, freedom! : the Underground Railroad Experience in Wayne County, New York,'' by Marjory Allen Perez. S.l. : Herons Bend Productions, c2017. {{FSC|2829754|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 974.787 H6p}}; {{WorldCat|1013584971|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''In defiance : Runaways from slavery in New York's Hudson River Valley, 1735-1831,'' by Susan Stessin-Cohn and Ashley Hurlburt-Biagini. Delmar, New York : Black Dome Press Corp., 2016 {{FSC|2827790|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 974.7 H6c}};  {{WorldCat|8661889597|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
 
'''Ohio'''
*''The Underground Railroad of Meigs County, Ohio,'' by Margaret A. Parker written and compiled. Pomeroy, Ohio : Meigs County Historical Society, c2007. {{FSC|1452757|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 977.199 H2p}}; {{WorldCat|428974402|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
 
'''Pennsylvania''' 
*''Underground Railroad in Pennsylvania,'' by William J. Switala. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2001. {{FSC|1031003|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 974.8 F2sw}}; {{WorldCat|226038418|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''History of the Underground Railroad: in Chester and the Neighboring Counties of Pennsylvania.'' by R.C. Smedley. Reprint. Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania: Stackpole Books, 2005. {{FSC|1838652|item|disp= FamilySearch Catalog}}; '''''Online at''''' {{FSDL|587956}}; {{WorldCat|54843964|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''The Trackless Trail : the Story of the Underground Railroad in Kennett Square, Chester County, Pennsylvania, and the Surrounding Community,'' by Frances Cloud Taylor. Kennett Square, Pennsylvania : F.C. Taylor, 1976. {{FSC|762874|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 974.813/K2 F2ta}}; {{WorldCat|2925749|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
 
''' Vermont'''
*''Vermont's Anti-Slavery and Underground Railroad Record, with a Map and Illustrations, '' by Wilbur Henry Siebert. Reprint. (New York, 1969) {{FSC|272018|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 974.3 H2si}}; {{WorldCat|3956040|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
 
=== Archives and Libraries ===


'''Ohio Historical Society'''
'''Ohio Historical Society'''
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''' Harvard Library '''
''' Harvard Library '''
*[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/resources/3119 Wilbur Henry Siebert Collection Relating to the Underground Railroad and fugitive slaves. Collection Identifier MS AM 2420]  
*[https://hollisarchives.lib.harvard.edu/repositories/24/resources/3119 Wilbur Henry Siebert collection relating to the Underground Railroad and fugitive slaves. Collection Identifier MS AM 2420]  


'''Indiana Department of Natural Resources '''
'''Indiana Department of Natural Resources '''
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''' Additional Sources '''
''' Additional Sources '''
*Harriett Tubman was a woman of remarkable skill, determination, and dedication. She was a "conductor" for the Underground Railroad where she assisted enslaved runaways to find freedom not only in the northern U.S. but all the way to Canada.
*Harriett Tubman was a woman of remarkable skill, determination, and dedication. She was a "conductor" for the Underground Railroad where she assisted runaway slaves to find freedom not only in the northern U.S. but all the way to Canada.
*''Freedom Train : the Story of Harriet Tubman,'' by Dorothy Sterling. Garden City, New York : Doubleday, 1954. {{FSC|82194|item|disp= FS Catalog Book 921.73 T79s}}; {{WorldCat|895088673|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/82194 Dorothy Sterling. '' Freedom train : the story of Harriet Tubman.''Garden City, New York : Doubleday, 1954. FHL 921.73 T79s]


There was a notable community in Nova Scotia. Some of the formerly enslaved persons would intermingle with Canadian Indians, as they often did in the U.S. Don't ignore Canada when looking for your African American ancestors! Check out this site about [http://www.harriettubman.com/index.html Harriet Tubman]
There was a notable community in Nova Scotia. Some of the newly free slaves would intermingle with Canadian Indians, as they often did in the U.S. Don't ignore Canada when looking for your African American ancestors! Check out this site about [http://www.harriettubman.com/index.html Harriet Tubman]


For more, see [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Canada-First-Nations-Genealogy-Research-Community/296714040355341 : Canada First Nations Genealogy Research Community] on Facebook
For more, see[https://www.facebook.com/pages/Canada-First-Nations-Genealogy-Research-Community/296714040355341 : Canada First Nations Genealogy Research Community]  


*See routes to freedom taken by enslaved runaways: [http://www.mhso.ca/ggp/Exhibits/Many_Rivers/undergroundrail.htm Many Rivers to Cross, the African Canadian Experience]
*See routes to freedom taken by runaway slaves: &nbsp;[http://www.mhso.ca/ggp/Exhibits/Many_Rivers/undergroundrail.htm Many Rivers to Cross, the African Canadian Experience]


== Fugitive Slave Laws ==
=== [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws Fugitive Slave Laws] ===
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws Fugitive Slave Laws]
*''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793 Fugitive Slave Act of 1783]'''
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793 Fugitive Slave Act of 1783]
*''' [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]'''
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1850 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850]


*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States Fugitive Slaves in the United States]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States Fugitive Slaves in the United States]


*''The slave catchers : enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860,'' by Stanley W. Campbell.  Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 970. {{FSC|81706|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 F2acm}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/81706 Stanley W. Campbell. ''The slave catchers : enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Law, 1850-1860.'' Chapel Hill,North Carolina:University of North Carolina Press, 970. FHL 973 F2acm]
*''Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro: edited by Helen Tunnicliff Catterall''{{FSC|29628|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 F2aca v. 1 - V. 5 and fische}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/29628 Judicial Cases]


'''National Archives Catalog - US District & Circuit Courts Records of [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639740 Fugitive Slaves Cases]'''
'''National Archives Catalog - US District & Circuit Courts records of [https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639740 Fugitive Slaves Cases]'''
 
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/295961 Stovall v. Archy, a Slave. US Circuit Court for the Northern District of California. NAID 295961]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/4306299 Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1851-1863. US District Court for the District of Columbia. NAID 4306299]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/4306299 Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1851-1863. US District Court for the District of Columbia. NAID 4306299]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/278775 Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1850-1860. US District Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278775]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/278775 Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1850-1860. US District Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278775]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/278889 Fugitive Slave Record Book, 1850-1860. US District Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278889]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/278889 Fugitive Slave Record Book, 1850-1860. US District Court for the District of Maryland. NAID 278889]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2814290 Law Case Files,1837-1911. U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern (Detroit) Division of the Eastern District of Michigan. NAID 2814290]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2814290 Law Case Files,1837-1911. U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern (Detroit) Division of the Eastern District of Michigan. NAID 2814290]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7065148 Fugitive Slave Claims, October 11, 1850–December 12, 1857 U.S. Circuit Court. for the District of Missouri NAID 7065148]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/278341 Records Relating to Fugitive Slaves, 10.17.1837-4.30.1860. U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York. NAID 278341]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/278341 Records Relating to Fugitive Slaves, 10.17.1837-4.30.1860. U.S. Circuit Court for the Southern District of New York. NAID 278341]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/279005 Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1850-1860. US Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. NAID 279005]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/279005 Fugitive Slave Case Files, 1850-1860. US Circuit Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania. NAID 279005]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/295961 Stovall v. Archy, a Slave. US Circuit Court for the Northern District of California. NAID 295961]


''' National Archives at New York City'''
''' National Archives at New York City'''
*Fugitive Slave Case: Stephen Pembrook. National Archives at New York City
*[https://www.archives.gov/nyc/exhibit/stephen-pembrook.html Fugitive Slave Case: Stephen Pembrook. National Archives at New York City]


'''FamilySearch Wiki Coverage Table'''
'''FamilySearch Wiki Coverage Table'''
*[[Fugitive Slave Law Court Records - Maryland - National Archives Catalog]]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Fugitive_Slave_Law_Court_Records_-_Maryland_-_National_Archives_Catalog Fugitive Slave Law Court Records - Maryland - National Archives Catalog]
*[[Fugitive Slave Law Court Records - New York and Pennsylvania - National Archives Catalog]]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Fugitive_Slave_Law_Court_Records_-_New_York_and_Pennsylvania_-_National_Archives_Catalog Fugitive Slave Law Court Records - New York and Pennsylvania - National Archives Catalog]


''' FamilySearch Catalog'''
''' FamilySearch Catalog'''
*''Judicial cases concerning American slavery and the Negro.'' by Helen Honor Tunnicliff Catterall. Five digital volumes. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926 reprint. New York, New York : Negro Universities Press, 1968. {{FSC|29628|item|disp=FS Library Digital Books linked from here}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/29628 Helen Honor Tunnicliff Catterall. ''Judicial cases concerning American slavery and the Negro.'' 5 volumes. Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1926 reprint. New York, New York : Negro Universities Press, 1968. FHL Digital Books]
 
== Runaway Enslaved Advertisements ==
'''Online Websites'''
*[http://libcdm1.uncg.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/RAS North Carolina Slave Advertisements, 1751-1865]
*[https://freedomonthemove.org/ Freedom on the Move - Cornell University]
*[https://louisianadigitallibrary.org/islandora/object/lsu-sc-p16313coll80:collection Louisiana Runaway Slave Advertisments,1836-1865]
*[http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/gos/about.html Geography of Slavery, in Virginia, 1736-1803]
*[https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-fugitive-slave-ads Library of Congress - Fugitive Slave Ads - Topics in Chronicling America]
*[https://digital.sfasu.edu/digital/collection/RSP Texas Runaway Slave Project - Stephen F. Austin State University]
 
''' Publications '''
*''Runaway slaves : Rebels on the Plantation,'' by John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger. Oxford, England : Oxford Univ. Press, 2000, ©1999. {{FSC|3501913|item|disp=FS Catalog book 975 H6fj}}; {{WorldCat|1071304640|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''Runaway Slave Advertisements : a Documentary History from the 1730s to 1790,''by Lathan A. Windley, comp.. 4 volumes. Westport, Connecticut : Greenwood Press, c1983. {{FSC|419052|item|disp=FS Catalog book 975 F2wL}};  {{WorldCat|9217777|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''Running for Freedom : Slave Runaways in North Carolina, 1775-1840.'' by Freddie L. Parker. New York, New York : Garland Pub. Co., 1993. {{FSC|641454|item|disp=FS Library 975.6 H6p}};  {{WorldCat|26931279|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
 
''' FamilySearch Catalog '''
*''Alabama. Mobile County. Record book of Run-away Slaves; 1857-1865; index, 1857-1865,'' Mobile, Alabama, Probate Court, 1991. {{FSC|967904|item|disp=FS Catalog film 2218263}}; {{WorldCat|866478084|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''River Roads to Freedom : Fugitive Slave Notices and Sheriff Notices Found in Illinois Sources'' compiled by Helen Cox Tregillis. Bowie, Maryland : Heritage Books, Inc., 1988 {{FSC|637178|item|disp=FS Catalog book 977.3 H6t}};  {{WorldCat|18816864|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''Runaway Slave Advertisements of the Pennsylvania Gazette & index, 1740-1776.'' by Billy G. Smith.  Salt Lake City Utah, Genealogical Society of Utah, 1988. {{FSC|14964|item|disp=FS Catalog film 1421885}};  {{WorldCat|865821771|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}


=== Emigration to Liberia  ===
=== Emigration to Liberia  ===
[[Liberia History]]
[[Liberia History]]
*[http://www.examiner.com/african-american-genealogy-in-national/recommended-website-african-americans-to-liberia-1820-1904 Recommended Website: 'African-Americans to Liberia, 1820-1904,'] by Michael Hait, African American Genealogy Examiner.
*[http://www.examiner.com/african-american-genealogy-in-national/recommended-website-african-americans-to-liberia-1820-1904 Recommended Website: 'African-Americans to Liberia, 1820-1904,'] by Michael Hait, African American Genealogy Examiner.
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2281547 Liberia, Monrovia, Census, 1843 FamilySearch Historical Records]  
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/2281547?collectionNameFilter=true Liberia,Monrovia,Census, 1843 FamilySearch Historical Records]  
*{{FSC|63276|item|disp=U.S. Navy Department, ''Correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, 1819-1844''}}
 


''' American Colonization Society Sources'''
''' American Colonization Society Sources'''
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*[https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html Library of Congress. American Colonization Society]
*[https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam002.html Library of Congress. American Colonization Society]
*[https://www.loc.gov/item/mm78010660/ American Colonization Society Records]
*[https://www.loc.gov/item/mm78010660/ American Colonization Society Records]
*[http://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02.xq?_id=loc.mss.eadmss.ms009329&_faSection=overview&_faSubsection=did&_dmdid= Finding Aid: Collection Summary] for American Colonization Society records, 1792-1964.
*[http://findingaids.loc.gov/db/search/xq/searchMfer02.xq?_id=loc.mss.eadmss.ms009329&_faSection=overview&_faSubsection=did&_dmdid= Finding Aid: Collection Summary]


''' State Sources '''
''' State Sources '''
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''' Publications'''
''' Publications'''
*'' The American Colonization Society, 1817-1840,'' by Early Lee Fox.  1919 reprint. New York, New York : AMS Press, 1971. '''''Online at''''' {{FSDL|581037}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/581037-the-american-colonization-society-1817-1840?viewer=1&offset=0#page=2&viewer=picture&o=info&n=0&q= Early Lee Fox.'' The American Colonization Society, 1817-1840.'' 1919 reprint.New York, New York : AMS Press, 1971]
*''Liberia, or, the Early History and Signal Preservation of the American colony of Free Negroes on the Coast of Africa : compiled by American Documents,'' by William Innes. Edinburgh, Scotland : Waugh and Innes, 1831 {{FSC|4208206|item|disp=FS Catalog book 966.62 H2i}}; {{WorldCat|9190096|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/785285 Tom W. Shick. ''Emigrants to Liberia, 1820 to 1843, an alphabetical listing.''Newark, Delaware : University of Delaware Department of Anthropology & Liberian Studies Association in America, 1971. FHL 966.62 W2e]
* ''Emigrants to Liberia, 1820 to 1843, an Alphabetical listing,'' by Tom W. Shick. Newark, Delaware : University of Delaware Department of Anthropology & Liberian Studies Association in America, 1971. {{FSC|785285|item|disp=FS Catalog book 966.62 W2e}}; {{WorldCat|866493849|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/330712 Tom W. Shick. ''Behold the promised land : a history of Afro-American settler society in nineteenth-century Liberia.'' Baltimore, Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. FHL 966.62 H2s]
*''Behold the Promised land : a History of Afro-American Settler Society in Nineteenth-century Liberia,'' by Tom W. Shick. Baltimore, Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980. {{FSC|330712|item|disp=FS Catalog book 966.62 H2s}}; {{WorldCat|5564858|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} 
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1373073 Eric Burin. ''Slavery and the peculiar solution : a history of the American Colonization Society.'' Gainesville, Florida : University Press of Florida, 2005. FHL 973 C4be]  
*''Slavery and the Peculiar Solution : a History of the American Colonization Society,'' by Eric Burin.  Gainesville, Florida : University Press of Florida, 2005. {{FSC|1373073|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 C4be}}; {{WorldCat|58451937|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}  
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1210727 Richard L. Hall. '' "On Africa's Shore." A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857.'' Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Historical Society, 2003. FHL 966.62 H2d]
*''''"On Africa's Shore." A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857,'' by Richard L. Hall. Baltimore, Maryland: Maryland Historical Society, 2003. {{FSC|1210727|item|disp=FS Catalog book 966.62 H2d}}; {{WorldCat|51969201|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/58743 Penelope Campbell. ''Maryland in Africa: the Maryland Colonization Society,1831-1857.''Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois Press, 1971. FHL 966.6 H2c]
*''Maryland in Africa: the Maryland Colonization Society,1831-1857,'' by Penelope Campbell. Urbana, Illinois : University of Illinois Press, 1971. {{FSC|58743|item|disp=FS Catalog book 966.6 H2c}}; {{WorldCat|1191110229|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[https://archive.org/details/removaloffreecol00mary/page/n2 Maryland. Report of the Select Committee, to Whom was Referred the Subject of the Removal of the Free Colored Population from Charles County.]
*''Report of the Select Committee, to Whom was Referred the Subject of the Removal of the Free Colored Population from Charles County.'' Maryland. Maryland: General Assembly. House of Delegates, 1844. [https://archive.org/details/removaloffreecol00mary/page/n2  At Internet Archive]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/1852470? Marie Tyler-McGraw. ''An African republic : black & white Virginians in the making of Liberia.''Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, c2007. FHL 966.62 H2t]
* ''An African republic : Black & White Virginians in the Making of Liberia,'' by Marie Tyler-McGraw. Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, c2007. {{FSC|1852470|item|disp=FS Catalog book 966.62 H2t}}; {{WorldCat|123390926|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*'' The Price of Liberty : African Americans and the Making of Liberia,'' by Claude A. Clegg, III. Chapel Hill, North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press, 2004 {{FSC|4121997|item|disp=FS Catalog book 966.62 H2c}}; {{WorldCat|59469928|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}


== Migration within the United States ==
=== Migration within the United States ===


'''Enslaved Populations before the Civil War'''  
'''Slave Populations before the Civil War'''  


By 1790, nearly all Africans to be imported to the United States had already arrived. They lived in primarily four states.  
By 1790, nearly all Africans to be imported to the United States had already arrived. They lived in primarily four states.  
Line 200: Line 154:
*No other state had more than 30,000 enslaved people.
*No other state had more than 30,000 enslaved people.


Between 1820 and 1860, huge increases in the enslaved population occurred across the South. Enslaved populations in 1860 are listed below:  
Between 1820 and 1860, huge increases in slave population occurred across the South. Slave populations in 1860 are listed below:  


*Virginia—491,000  
*Virginia—491,000  
Line 227: Line 181:
*During 1970's, African Americans started returning to the South, especially to larger, urban cities.  
*During 1970's, African Americans started returning to the South, especially to larger, urban cities.  
*By 1990, 84% of African Americans lived in urban areas.  
*By 1990, 84% of African Americans lived in urban areas.  
*See ''[https://archive.org/details/fieldtofactoryaf00crew Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration 1915-1940]'' by Spencer Crew - at Internet Archive.
*See ''Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration 1915-1940''by Spencer Crew.


'''Enslaved in the North'''<br>By 1800, approximately 37,000 northern African Americans were still reported in bondage. By 1830, most northern states had required freeing of enslaved persons, although 3,600 people remained in bondage, mostly in New Jersey.  
'''Enslaved in the North'''<br>By 1800, approximately 37,000 northern blacks were still reported in bondage. By 1830, most northern states had required freeing of slaves although 3,600 people remained in bondage, mostly in New Jersey.  


'''Free Blacks'''<br>In 1860, there were 488,000 free Blacks or about 10% of total African Americans in the U.S.  
'''Free Blacks'''<br>In 1860, there were 488,000 free blacks or about 10% of total African Americans in the U.S.  


*46% of free Blacks (226,000) lived in North and West
*46% of free blacks (226,000) lived in North and West  
*46% lived in upper South (KY, MD, MO, TN, VA, NC, DC)  
*46% lived in upper South (KY, MD, MO, TN, VA, NC, DC)  
*8% lived in deep South
*8% lived in deep South
Line 240: Line 194:
[[Category:African_American Records]]
[[Category:African_American Records]]


[[Category:Slavery_and_Bondage]][[Category:Migration]]
[[Category:Slavery_and_Bondage]]

Revision as of 09:52, 1 March 2021

African American Genealogy Wiki Topics
African American Image 5.jpg
Beginning Research
Original Records
Compiled Sources
Background Information
Finding Aids

A record of major migrations of African Americans and precipitating events.

Emigration to Canada[edit | edit source]


American Revolution[edit | edit source]

American slaves migrated to Canada in search of freedom after the American Revolution See: Africans in Canada

Underground Railroad[edit | edit source]

Nework to Freedom - National Park Service[edit | edit source]

Reference Sources


State and Local Sources Publications

Archives and Libraries

Ohio Historical Society

Historical Society of Pennsylvania

Harvard Library

Indiana Department of Natural Resources


Additional Sources

There was a notable community in Nova Scotia. Some of the newly free slaves would intermingle with Canadian Indians, as they often did in the U.S. Don't ignore Canada when looking for your African American ancestors! Check out this site about Harriet Tubman

For more, see: Canada First Nations Genealogy Research Community

Fugitive Slave Laws[edit | edit source]

National Archives Catalog - US District & Circuit Courts records of Fugitive Slaves Cases

National Archives at New York City

FamilySearch Wiki Coverage Table

FamilySearch Catalog

Emigration to Liberia[edit | edit source]

Liberia History


American Colonization Society Sources

Library of Congress

State Sources

National Archives

Publications

Migration within the United States[edit | edit source]

Slave Populations before the Civil War

By 1790, nearly all Africans to be imported to the United States had already arrived. They lived in primarily four states.

  • Virginia—293,000
  • South Carolina—107,000
  • Maryland—103,000
  • North Carolina—101,000
  • No other state had more than 30,000 enslaved people.

Between 1820 and 1860, huge increases in slave population occurred across the South. Slave populations in 1860 are listed below:

  • Virginia—491,000
  • Georgia—462,000
  • Mississippi—437,000
  • Alabama—435,000
  • South Carolina—402,000
  • Louisiana—332,000
  • North Carolina—331,000
  • Tennessee—275,000
  • Kentucky—225,000
  • Texas—183,000
  • Missouri—115,000
  • Arkansas—111,000

Migration after the Civil War
Between 1790 and 1900, 90% of African Americans lived in the South.
By 1960, 50% of African Americans lived in the South.

  • 100,000 African Americans moved to Kansas in late 1870's, early 1880's
  • 500,000 African Americans left the south during WWI (1916-1919)
  • 90,000 to Pennsylvania
  • 73,000 to Illinois
  • 43,000 to Michigan
  • 1 million African Americans left the South in the 1920's
  • 5 million African Americans left the South between 1940-1960
  • During 1970's, African Americans started returning to the South, especially to larger, urban cities.
  • By 1990, 84% of African Americans lived in urban areas.
  • See Field to Factory: Afro-American Migration 1915-1940by Spencer Crew.

Enslaved in the North
By 1800, approximately 37,000 northern blacks were still reported in bondage. By 1830, most northern states had required freeing of slaves although 3,600 people remained in bondage, mostly in New Jersey.

Free Blacks
In 1860, there were 488,000 free blacks or about 10% of total African Americans in the U.S.

  • 46% of free blacks (226,000) lived in North and West
  • 46% lived in upper South (KY, MD, MO, TN, VA, NC, DC)
  • 8% lived in deep South
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