Tenant Farmers in Denmark (Fæstebønder): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:44, 3 May 2018

Being copyholder or smallholder meant that one rented a property with land by a landowner. A landowner could be a private person, but also could be more prestigious, such as the king or university. A tenant farmer could stay in the house or on the farm and cultivate the soil. In return, the tenant farmer would pay indfæstning (money paid by the renting party upon accession or renewal of the plot of land) and landgilde and make hoveri. At least until the head depot was lifted - and it was later in 1850.

Landgilde and Hoveri[edit | edit source]

Indfæstning: the amount the tenants had to pay to begin residing on a farm or in a house.
Landgilde: the annual fee paid by tenants - either with cash or in kind, such as an amount of grain or pig.
Hoveri: work that tenants were required to do without pay. If a tenant could not pay taxes or not manage the farm well enough, the landowner would remove the tenant and replace him with a new tenant.

Shank letters in duplicate[edit | edit source]

By regulation on 23 January 1719, it was decided that all copyhold letters were to be made in two copies, one for tenants and one for the landowner. The letter should also clip info in a particular clip protocol. In the late 1700s was copyhold system reformed - bl. a. it became established copyhold, which gave tenants the right to have such a son or son in law continue hilt. Shank care system was finally abolished by Act of 30 June 1919 - but since there were hardly any tenants back.

Several kinds of clip archives[edit | edit source]

It is not only bolster the Protocols, which tells of tenants and life circumstances. In freight archives will find example also hoveriforordninger that can reveal how much the peasant had to work for the landowner. There may be diaries of the head depot, where you can see exactly had the individual peasant granted work and when. There may also be visually business or land books, which gives names of tenants and also inform on the standard in the farms and houses they lived in.

References[edit | edit source]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 }}
-Being [[Denmark: Copyhold / Copyholder|copyholder or smallholder]] meant that one rented a property with land by a landowner. A landowner could be a private person, but also could be more prestigious, such as the king or university. A tenant farmer could stay in the house or on the farm and cultivate the soil. In return, the tenant farmer would pay ''indfæstning'' (money paid by the renting party upon accession or renewal of the plot of land) and ''landgilde'' and make ''hoveri''. At least until the head depot was lifted - and it was later in 1850.
+Being copyholder or smallholder meant that one rented a property with land by a landowner. A landowner could be a private person, but also could be more prestigious, such as the king or university. A tenant farmer could stay in the house or on the farm and cultivate the soil. In return, the tenant farmer would pay ''indfæstning'' (money paid by the renting party upon accession or renewal of the plot of land) and ''landgilde'' and make ''hoveri''. At least until the head depot was lifted - and it was later in 1850.
 ===''Landgilde'' and ''Hoveri''===
-''Indfæstning:'' the entrance fee the tenants had to pay to begin residing on a farm or in a house.<br> ''Landgilde:'' the annual fee paid by tenants - usually a combination of cash and kind, such as an amount of grain or pig.<br> ''Hoveri:'' work that tenants were required to do without pay. Also known as corvee labor. If a tenant could not pay taxes or not manage the farm well enough, the landowner would remove the tenant and replace him with a new tenant.
+''Indfæstning:'' the amount the tenants had to pay to begin residing on a farm or in a house.<br> ''Landgilde:'' the annual fee paid by tenants - either with cash or in kind, such as an amount of grain or pig.<br> ''Hoveri:'' work that tenants were required to do without pay. If a tenant could not pay taxes or not manage the farm well enough, the landowner would remove the tenant and replace him with a new tenant.
-For more information about ''hoveri'', see [http://danmarkshistorien.dk/leksikon-og-kilder/vis/materiale/hoveri/ Hoveri] from Aarhus University (in Danish).
+===Shank letters in duplicate===
-For more information on drudgery on copyhold farms, see the article: [[Denmark: Drudgery|Drudgery]].
+By regulation on 23 January 1719, it was decided that all copyhold letters were to be made in two copies, one for tenants and one for the landowner. The letter should also clip info in a particular clip protocol. In the late 1700s was copyhold system reformed - bl. a. it became established copyhold, which gave tenants the right to have such a son or son in law continue hilt. Shank care system was finally abolished by Act of 30 June 1919 - but since there were hardly any tenants back.
-===''Fæstekontrakterne'' in duplicate===
+===Several kinds of clip archives===
-''Fæstekontrakterne'' (sometimes called ''fæstebrevene'') were written contracts between two parties, typically between the landlord and the tenant.<br>
+It is not only bolster the Protocols, which tells of tenants and life circumstances. In freight archives will find example also hoveriforordninger that can reveal how much the peasant had to work for the landowner. There may be diaries of the head depot, where you can see exactly had the individual peasant granted work and when. There may also be visually business or land books, which gives names of tenants and also inform on the standard in the farms and houses they lived in.
-By regulation on 23 January 1719, it was decided that all ''fæstekontrakterne'' were to be made in two copies, the original for the tenants, and the copy for the landowner (called ''reversalfæstebrevet''). The original letter typically contained information on:
+== References  ==
-*the landowner
+<br>
-*the ''fæstebrev''
-*the location of the tenancy
-*the soil and grain quality
-*the previous tenants and any relationships to the new tenants
-*reasons for the change in tenancy
-*indication of ''landgilde'' and ''hoveri''
-*any other conditions, including the location of tenancy
-*the ''indfæstning'' amount
-The contract should also be copied into a ''protokol'' or minutes. Two witnesses were often present to validate the contract.<br>
-In the late 1700s, the tenant system was reformed - among other things, an established tenancy was allowed, which gave tenants the right to have such a son or son in law continue tenancy of the farm/house. The tenant system was finally abolished by Act of 30 June 1919.
-===Several kinds of documents===
-It is not only the protocols that can give information about tenants and their circumstances. ''Hoveriforordninger'' can be found in ''godsarkiv''. These documents can reveal how much the peasant had to work for the landowner. There may be diaries of the head depot, where you can see exactly how much work the peasant had. There may also be business or land books, which gives names of tenants, as well as information on the living standards of the farms and houses they lived in.
-*See the article [[Denmark: Adscription of 1733 (Stavnsbåndet)|Adscription of 1733 (Stavnsbåndet)]] for information on militia adscription laws and how they affected residency on fæstegårde.<br>
-*See the article [[Denmark: Copyhold / Copyholder|Copyhold/Copyholder]] for information on those who lived and worked on fæstegårde.
-== References  ==
-Per Ole Schovsbo. ''Fæste Protocoll for Øebierggaard Gods, 2. del: 1800-1848''. Køng Museums støtteforening, 2012-13.
-<br><br><br>
 [[Category:Denmark Land and Property]]