African American Slavery and Bondage: Difference between revisions

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Guide to African American slavery, plantation, and other related records available for researchers.
<div id="fsButtons"><span class="online_records_button">[[African American Online Genealogy Records]]</span></div>
 
==Online Resources==
*'''1751-1865''' [https://dlas.uncg.edu/notices/ North Carolina Runaway Slave Notices, 1750-1865] at Digital Library on American Slavery - index & images; newspaper advertisements
*'''1780-1939:''' {{RecordSearch|3460246|United States, Indenture and Manumission Records, 1780-1939}} at FamilySearch - [[United States, Indenture and Manumission Records - FamilySearch Historicl Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images
*'''Pre-1880''' [https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/50090/ U.S., Newspapers.com™ Auctions of Enslaved People and Bounties on Freedom Seekers Index, Pre-1880] at Ancestry; index ($)
*'''1936-1938''' [https://www.loc.gov/collections/slave-narratives-from-the-federal-writers-project-1936-to-1938/about-this-collection/ Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936 to 1938]
*[http://www.slavevoyages.org/ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database]
*[https://enslaved.org/ Enslaved: Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade] - includes records of those enslaved, including court records, and links to relevant databases and projects documenting individuals
*[https://briscoecenter.org/research/online-reference-tools/subject-guides/slaves-and-slavery-resources/ Slaves and Slavery Resources: Briscoe Center for American History. University of Texas at Austin]
*[https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/slavery-records-civil.html National Archives. African American Heritage American Slavery, Civil Records]
*[https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/slavery-records.html National Archives. Records that Pertain to American Slavery and the International Slave Trade]
*[https://library.uncg.edu/slavery/ Digital Library on American Slavery - University of North Carolina - Greensboro]
*[http://www.insurance.ca.gov/01-consumers/150-other-prog/10-seir/ Slavery Era Insurance Registry]
*[https://www.archives.gov/files/calendar/genealogy-fair/2018/2-kluskens-handout.pdf Federal Records that Help Identify Formerly Enslaved Persons and Slaveholders]
*[https://beyondkin.org/enslaved-populations-research-directory/ Enslaved Population Research Directory] at The Beyond Kin Project - index; information on researcher
*[https://home.heinonline.org/content/slavery-in-america-and-the-world/ Slavery in America and the World: History, Culture and Law] at HeinOnline - available through public libraries; lists all colony, state and federal statutes related to slavery in the U.S. including cases regarding slavery
*[https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/lantern/ The Lantern Project (Legal Records Documenting Enslaved Persons)] at Mississippi State University Libraries — index & images
*[https://www.informationwanted.org/ Last Seen: Finding Family After Slavery] at informationwanted.org - index & images; newspaper ads looking for family members
 
==Introduction==
 
[[Image:{{PlantRec}}]] Finding an African American ancestor who was enslaved almost always means finding the records of the slaveholder.
 
Study the life and records of the slaveholder and his family. Your ancestor’s life was inseparably connected with the slaveholder. Your ancestor may be listed in records of the slaveholder's property:


*Tax records. These list enslaved persons and their monetary value.
African American slavery, plantation and other related records available for researchers.  
*Land and property records. Search for information about deeds, sales, mortgages, or rental transactions of enslaved persons.
{{TOC left}}
*Probate, estate, and chancery court records These show the distribution of enslaved persons at the death of the slaveholder.
[[Image:{{SlaveMarket}}]]
*Plantation records. Account logbooks give the names of enslaved persons, family relationships, and their assigned tasks. Some records give birth and death dates of the enslaved. They also record when an enslaved person was bought, from whom, and for how much. Most plantation records would be in the hands of the slaveholder's descendants, or at county or state archives or libraries.
*Slave Narratives.


==History of Slavery in America==
=== Brief History of Slavery in America ===


Nearly 75 percent of people who arrived in America from Europe and Africa before 1776 were immigrants in bondage. Those from Africa almost always arrived enslaved. Those from Europe were often convicts, indentured servant apprentices, or became indentured servants to pay for the cost of their ocean crossing. In colonial times indentured servitude as an apprentice was considered the normal way to learn a trade (part of growing up), or a normal option for paying a large debt.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009). Citing The First Black Americans - US News and World Report.</ref>  
Nearly 75 percent of people who arrived in America from Europe and Africa before 1776 were immigrants in bondage. Those from Africa almost always arrived enslaved. Those from Europe were often convicts, indentured servant apprentices, or became indentured servants to pay for the cost of their ocean crossing. In colonial times indentured servitude as an apprentice was considered the normal way to learn a trade (part of growing up), or a normal option for paying a large debt.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009). Citing The First Black Americans - US News and World Report.</ref>  


In 1619 a Dutch ship blown off course came looking for fresh water near Jamestown, Virginia. At Jamestown the Dutch sold 20 of the enslaved [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia Africans] they had captured from a Spanish ship originally bound for Mexico. These were the earliest known African immigrants to arrive in what is now the United States. It was the custom of that time to free enslaved servants after seven years.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009). Citing Alan Gallay, "Forgotten Story of Indian Slavery", Arab News (www.aljazeera.info), August 3, 2003.</ref><ref>Wikipedia contributors, "History of slavery," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery (accessed February 6, 2009).</ref>  
In 1619 a Dutch ship blown off course came looking for fresh water near Jamestown, Virginia. At Jamestown the Dutch sold 20 of the African slaves they had captured from a Spanish ship originally bound for Mexico. These were the earliest known African immigrants to arrive in what is now the United States. It was the custom of that time to free servant-slaves after seven years.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009). Citing Alan Gallay, "Forgotten Story of Indian Slavery", Arab News (www.aljazeera.info), August 3, 2003.</ref><ref>Wikipedia contributors, "History of slavery," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery (accessed February 6, 2009).</ref>  


Caribbean and Brazilian plantations (95 percent of the trans-Atlantic slave trade) usually grew sugar and few enslaved persons survived there for seven years. In America (five percent of the slave trade), enslaved persons lived longer and had children. In the thirteen British-American colonies, a milder climate and better working conditions growing tobacco, cotton, hemp, and indigo allowed enslaved persons to live long enough to be freed. But the institution of lifetime chattel slavery applied to people of African descent was slowly accepted and developed when slaveholders were reluctant to give up such valuable labor to compete with their former slaveholders. This form of slavery was formally legalized first in British-America in 1654.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. History of slavery [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2009 Feb 5, 08:12 UTC [cited 2009 Feb 6]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery.</ref>  
Caribbean and Brazilian plantations (95 percent of the trans-Atlantic slave trade) usually grew sugar and few slaves survived there for seven years. In America (five percent of the slave trade) slaves lived longer and had children. In the thirteen British-American colonies a milder climate and better working conditions growing tobacco, cotton, hemp, and indigo allowed slaves to live long enough to be freed. But the institution of lifetime chattel slavery applied to people of African descent was slowly accepted and developed when owners were reluctant to free such valuable labor to compete with their former owners. This form of slavery was formally legalized first in British-America in 1654.<ref>Wikipedia contributors. History of slavery [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2009 Feb 5, 08:12 UTC [cited 2009 Feb 6]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery.</ref>  


All 13 British-American colonies participated in the slave trade before 1780. In the 1750s, a slavery abolitionist movement began and grew stronger. Vermont was the first to abolish slavery in 1777 and by 1804 all individual states north of the Mason-Dixon line had gradually ended slavery. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a federal law that prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River. Enslaved labor works best when the assigned task is repetitive or simple, such as large-scale agriculture. Slavery in increasingly industrialized America was becoming too expensive until the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. An enslaved, healthy, young, adult male was worth about two years wages, so most slaveholders considered freeing those held in bondage as an economic hardship. The Constitution of the United States permitted the outlawing of the importation of enslaved persons starting in 1808, but the internal slave trade continued until the end of the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited chattel slavery in 1865.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009).</ref>
All 13 British-American colonies participated in the slave trade before 1780. In the 1750s a slavery abolitionist movement began and grew stronger. Vermont was the first to abolish slavery in 1777 and by 1804 all individual states north of the Mason-Dixon line had gradually ended slavery. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a federal law that prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River. Slave labor works best when the assigned task is relatively simple, such as large scale agriculture. Slavery in increasingly industrialized America was becoming too expensive until the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. A healthy young adult male slave was worth about two years wages, so most owners considered freeing slaves an economic hardship. The Constitution of the United States permitted the outlawing of the importation of slaves starting in 1808, but the internal slave trade continued until the end of the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited chattel slavery in 1865.<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009).</ref>  
|}
American slavery was particularly hard on African American families. Owners were frequently forced by economics to sell off members of a slave's family. A few slave owners freed some or all of their slaves in the owner's will, but more often ownership of slaves was transferred to the owner's wife or children. In some cases, rather than free a slave as instructed in the owner's will, the slave was sold to help pay debts. A few slave owners allowed their slaves to earn money and purchase their family members or their own freedom. Slave marriages were usually not recorded by civil authorities until after the Civil War in [[African American Freedmen's Bureau Records|Freedmen's Bureau]] records. However, occasionally slave marriages are in the plantation, or owner family Bible records. [[Image:{{SlaveRcpt}}]]


''The American Slave Code in Theory and Practice : its Distinctive Features Shown by its Statutes, Judicial Decisions, and Illustrative facts'' William Goodell, New York : American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1853 '''''Online at''''' {{FSDL|474236}}
=== Slave Records  ===


[[Image:{{PlantRec}}]]Finding an African American ancestor who was enslaved almost always means finding the records of the family that owned him or her.


'''' Related Sources'''
Study the life and records of the slave owner and his family. Your ancestor’s life was inseparably connected with the slave owner. Your ancestor may be listed in records of the slave owner’s property:


*[https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/essays/origins-slavery Ira Berlin. '''The Origins of Slavery.''' The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]
*Tax records. These list slaves and their monetary value.
*[https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-now/teaching-resource/historical-context-facts-about-slave-trade-and-slavery Steven Mintz. '''Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery''' The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History]
*'' World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States,'' by Marth B. Katz-Hyman and Kim S. Rice, eds.  Two volumes, Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press, 2011. {{FSC|3416549|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 H6km}}


''' Slave Trade'''
*Land and property records. Search for information about deeds, sales, mortgages, or rental transactions of slaves.


*[https://sdusmp.org/New2/ Sons & Daughters of the United States Middle Passage]
*Probate, estate, and chancery court records These show the distribution of slaves at the death of a slave owner.
*[https://www.slavevoyages.org/ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database]
*'''Encyclopedia of the Middle Passage,'' by Toyin Falola and Amanda Warnock, eds. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2007. {{FSC|3416547|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 H6ft}}
*'' Atlas of the Transatlantic Slave Trade, ''by David Eltis and David Richardson. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2010. {{FSC|1857342|item|disp=FS Catalog book 306.362 EL83a}}; {{WorldCat|733499463|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}.
*''The Atlantic Slave Trade: a census,'' by Phillip D. Curtin. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969 {{FSC|1854374|item|disp= FS Catalog book 382.44 C94t}}; {{WorldCat|46413|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}.
*[http://freedomnarratives.org/ Freedom Narratives. Testimonies of West Africans from the Era of Slavery]


*Plantation records. Account log books give the names of slaves, family relationships, and their assigned tasks. Some records give the slaves’ birth and death dates. They also record when a slave was bought, from whom, and for how much. Most plantation records would be in the hands of the plantation family descendants, or at county or state archives or libraries.


American slavery was particularly hard on African American families. Slaveholders were frequently forced by economics to sell members of an enslaved person's family. A few slaveholders freed some or all of their enslaved persons in their wills, but more often, ownership of the enslaved was transferred to the slaveholder's wife or children. In some cases, rather than free an enslaved person as instructed in the slaveholder's will, the enslaved person was sold to help pay debts. A few slaveholders allowed their enslaved to earn money and purchase their family members or their own freedom. Marriages of enslaved persons were usually not recorded by civil authorities until after the Civil War in [[African American Freedmen's Bureau Records|Freedmen's Bureau]] records. However, occasionally these marriages were recorded in the plantation records or the slaveholder's family Bible records. [[Image:{{SlaveRcpt}}]]
=== State Slavery Statutes ===
 
===State Slavery Statutes===


These records are the acts and laws of the following slave states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia  
These records are the acts and laws of the following slave states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia  


''State Slavery Statutes: Guide to Microfiche Collection,'' by Paul Finkelman. {{FSC| 744709|item|disp=FS Catalog book 975.F23s}}; {{WorldCat|21505254|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
''State Slavery Statutes: Guide to Microfiche Collection''. by Paul Finkelman. {{FHL| 744709|item|desp=FHL book 975.F23x}}&nbsp; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/state-slavery-statutes-guide-to-the-microfiche-collection/oclc/21505254 WorldCat]


Microfiche collection ''State Slavery Statute''s. Microfiche collection 354 fiche. {{FSC|723107|item|disp=FS Library microfiche 6118902-6118916}}; {{WorldCat|866536066|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
Microfiche collection ''State Slavery Statute''s. Microfiche collection 354 fiche. {{FHL|723107|item|desp=FHL microfiche 6118902}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/state-slavery-statutes/oclc/866536066 WorldCat]&nbsp;


==Plantation Records==
=== Finding Plantation Records ===


===How to Access the Records===
A few plantation records are listed in a set of user-guide books starting with the title ''Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War'' (Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1966). The records described in these user-guide booklets are a microfilm collection of manuscripts held in several major research libraries throughout the South. Parts of the papers from some plantations were once scattered by their donation to many libraries, and this collection now helps gather some of them in a single set. It offers access to selected material from Maryland to Texas in one source.<ref>Jean L. Cooper, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53999037 Genealogical Index to the Guides of the Microfilm Edition of Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War]'' ([Bloomington, Ind.]: 1st Books, 2003), vii. [FHL Ref book 973 D22cj]</ref> Viewing the user guides online requires [http://www.adobe.com/ Adobe® Acrobat® Reader]. Also, a more recent series about slavery in Southern industries has been started.<br><br>


A few plantation records are listed in a set of user-guide books starting with the title ''Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War'' (Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1966). The records described in these user-guide booklets are a microfilm collection of manuscripts held in several major research libraries throughout the South. Parts of the papers from some plantations were once scattered by their donation to many libraries, and this collection now helps gather some of them in a single set. It offers access to selected material from Maryland to Texas in one source.<ref>Jean L. Cooper, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53999037 Genealogical Index to the Guides of the Microfilm Edition of Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War]'' ([Bloomington, Ind.]: 1st Books, 2003), vii. [FS Library Ref book 973 D22cj]</ref> Viewing the user guides online requires [http://www.adobe.com/ Adobe® Acrobat® Reader]. Also, a more recent series about slavery in Southern industries has been started.<br><br>
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| width="80%" bgcolor="#ffff33" align="center" |'''Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations Collection or Repository'''<ref>LexisNexis, "Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War" in ''UPA COLLECTIONS Publications'' at http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2462_AnteBellSouthPlanSerK.pdf (accessed 27 March 2010).</ref>
| width="80%" bgcolor="#ffff33" align="center" | '''Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations Collection or Repository'''<ref>LexisNexis, "Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War" in ''UPA COLLECTIONS Publications'' at http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/upa_cis/default.asp?t=343 (accessed 27 March 2010).</ref>  
| width="6%" bgcolor="#ffff33" align="center" |'''User Guide'''
| width="6%" bgcolor="#ffff33" align="center" | '''User Guide'''  
| width="9%" bgcolor="#ffff33" align="center" |'''FHL First Film'''
| width="9%" bgcolor="#ffff33" align="center" | '''FHL First Film'''
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|'''Series A''', Selections from the [http://www.sc.edu/library/socar/index.html South Carolina Library]. University of South Carolina  
| '''Series A''', Selections from the [http://www.sc.edu/library/socar/index.html South Carolina Library]. University of South Carolina  
 
:*Part 1: The Papers of James Henry Hammond, 1795-1865
:*Part 1: The Papers of James Henry Hammond, 1795-1865


:*Part 2: Miscellaneous Collections
:*Part 2: Miscellaneous Collections


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[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2379_AnteBellSouthPlanSerAPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2379_AnteBellSouthPlanSerAPt2.pdf pdf2]  


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|'''Series B''', Selections from the [http://www.southcarolinahistoricalsociety.org/?catID=17492 South Carolina Historical Society]
| '''Series B''', Selections from the [http://www.southcarolinahistoricalsociety.org/?catID=17492 South Carolina Historical Society]  
| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2381_AnteBellSouthPlanSerB.pdf pdf]
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2381_AnteBellSouthPlanSerB.pdf pdf]  
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|'''Series C''', Selections from the [http://www.loc.gov/index.html Library of Congress]  
| '''Series C''', Selections from the [http://www.loc.gov/index.html Library of Congress]  
:*Part 1: Virginia
:*Part 1: Virginia


:*Part 2: Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina
:*Part 2: Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina


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[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2384_AnteBellSouthPlanSerCPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2384_AnteBellSouthPlanSerCPt2.pdf pdf2]  


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|'''Series D''', Selections from the [http://www.mdhs.org/ Maryland Historical Society]
| '''Series D''', Selections from the [http://www.mdhs.org/ Maryland Historical Society]  
| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2387_AnteBellSouthPlanSerD.pdf pdf]
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2387_AnteBellSouthPlanSerD.pdf pdf]  
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|'''Series E''', Selections from the [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/ University of Virginia Library]  
| '''Series E''', Selections from the [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/ University of Virginia Library]  
:*Part 1: Virginia Plantations
:*Part 1: Virginia Plantations


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:*Part 6: Virginia Plantations
:*Part 6: Virginia Plantations


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|'''Series F''', Selections from the [http://library.duke.edu/ Duke University Library]  
| '''Series F''', Selections from the [http://library.duke.edu/ Duke University Library]  
:*Part 1: The Deep South
:*Part 1: The Deep South


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:*Part 5: William Patterson Smith Collections
:*Part 5: William Patterson Smith Collections


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|'''Series G''', Selections from the [http://www.cah.utexas.edu/ Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin]  
| '''Series G''', Selections from the [http://www.cah.utexas.edu/ Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin ]  
:*Part 1: Texas and Louisiana Collections
:*Part 1: Texas and Louisiana Collections


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:*Part 5: Other Plantation Collections
:*Part 5: Other Plantation Collections


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[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2411_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2412_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt2.pdf pdf2] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2419_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt3.pdf pdf3] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2416_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt4.pdf pdf4] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2410_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt5.pdf pdf5]
[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2411_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2412_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt2.pdf pdf2] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2419_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt3.pdf pdf3] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2416_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt4.pdf pdf4] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2410_AnteBellSouthPlanSerGPt5.pdf pdf5]  


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|-
|-
| width="80%" |'''Series H''', Selections from the [http://library.tulane.edu/ Howard-Tilton Library, Tulane University], and the Louisiana State Museum Archives
| width="80%" | '''Series H''', Selections from the [http://library.tulane.edu/ Howard-Tilton Library, Tulane University], and the Louisiana State Museum Archives  
| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2420_AntebellSouPlantationsSerH.pdf pdf]
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2420_AntebellSouPlantationsSerH.pdf pdf]  
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|'''Series I''', Selections from [http://www.lib.lsu.edu/ Louisiana State University]  
| '''Series I''', Selections from [http://www.lib.lsu.edu/ Louisiana State University ]  
:*Part 1: Louisiana Sugar Plantations
:*Part 1: Louisiana Sugar Plantations


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:*Part 6: David Weeks and Family Collections
:*Part 6: David Weeks and Family Collections


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| valign="bottom" align="center" |  
[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2425_AntebellSouPlantationsSerIPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2425_AntebellSouPlantationsSerIPt2.pdf pdf2] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2425_AntebellSouPlantationsSerIPt3.pdf pdf3] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2428_AnteBellSouthPlanSerIPt4.pdf pdf4] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2430_AnteBellSouthPlanSerIPt5.pdf pdf5] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2429_AnteBellSouthPlanSerIPt6.pdf pdf6]
[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2425_AntebellSouPlantationsSerIPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2425_AntebellSouPlantationsSerIPt2.pdf pdf2] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2425_AntebellSouPlantationsSerIPt3.pdf pdf3] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2428_AnteBellSouthPlanSerIPt4.pdf pdf4] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2430_AnteBellSouthPlanSerIPt5.pdf pdf5] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2429_AnteBellSouthPlanSerIPt6.pdf pdf6]  


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{{FHL|1672254}} {{FHL|1672317}} {{FHL|1672299}} {{FHL|2330278}} {{FHL|2230316}} {{FHL|2230343}}  


|-
|-
|'''Series J''', Selections from the [https://library.unc.edu/wilson/shc/ Southern Historical Collections, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill ]  
| '''Series J''', Selections from the [http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/shc/shcabout.html Southern Historical Collections, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill&nbsp;]  
:*Part 1: The Cameron Family Papers
:*Part 1: The Cameron Family Papers


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:*Part 14: Western North Carolina
:*Part 14: Western North Carolina


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[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2446_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2458_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt2.pdf pdf2] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2447_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt3.pdf pdf3] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2459_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt4.pdf pdf4] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2440_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt5.pdf pdf5] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2442_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt6.pdf pdf6] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2444_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt7.pdf pdf7] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2433_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt8.pdf pdf8] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2448_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt9.pdf pdf9] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2456_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt10.pdf pdf10] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2445_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt11.pdf pdf11] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2455_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt12.pdf pdf12] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2438_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt13.pdf pdf13] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2453_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt14.pdf pdf14]
[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2446_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2458_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt2.pdf pdf2] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2447_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt3.pdf pdf3] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2459_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt4.pdf pdf4] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2440_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt5.pdf pdf5] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2442_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt6.pdf pdf6] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2444_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt7.pdf pdf7] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2433_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt8.pdf pdf8] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2448_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt9.pdf pdf9] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2456_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt10.pdf pdf10] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2445_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt11.pdf pdf11] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2455_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt12.pdf pdf12] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2438_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt13.pdf pdf13] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2453_AnteBellSouthPlanSerJPt14.pdf pdf14]  


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{{FSC|1672791}} {{FSC|1672860}} {{FSC|1730987}} {{FSC|1730772}} {{FSC|1731443}} {{FSC|1760119}} {{FSC|1760148}} {{FSC|1760168}} {{FSC|1760188}} {{FSC|1843384}} {{FSC|1841689}}{{FSC|1843410}} {{FSC|1843460}} {{FSC|1843500}}
{{FHL|1672791}} {{FHL|1672860}} {{FHL|1730987}} {{FHL|1730772}} {{FHL|1731443}} {{FHL|1760119}} {{FHL|1760148}} {{FHL|1760168}} {{FHL|1760188}} {{FHL|1843384}} {{FHL|1841689}}{{FHL|1843410}} {{FHL|1843460}} {{FHL|1843500}}  


|-
|-
|'''Series K''', Selections from the [http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Special_Collections/SpecialCollectionsDocs/ShirleyPP.cfm Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, The Shirley Plantation Collection, 1650-1888]
| '''Series K''', Selections from the [http://research.history.org/JDRLibrary/Special_Collections/SpecialCollectionsDocs/ShirleyPP.cfm Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, The Shirley Plantation Collection, 1650-1888]  
| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2462_AnteBellSouthPlanSerK.pdf pdf]
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2462_AnteBellSouthPlanSerK.pdf pdf]  
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|-
|-
|'''Series L''', Selections from the [http://swem.wm.edu/ Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary]  
| '''Series L''', Selections from the [http://swem.wm.edu/ Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary]  
:*Part 1: Carter Papers, 1667-1882
:*Part 1: Carter Papers, 1667-1882


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:*Part 4: Austin-Twyman Papers, 1765-1865 and Charles Brown Papers, 1792-1888
:*Part 4: Austin-Twyman Papers, 1765-1865 and Charles Brown Papers, 1792-1888


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[https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/996434-a-guide-to-the-microfilm-edition-of-records-of-ante-bellum-southern-plantations-from-the-revolution-through-the-civil-war-series-l-selections-from-the-earl-gregg-swem-library-the-college-of-william-and-mary-in-virginia-ser-l-pt-1?offset=10 pdf1] [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/996435-a-guide-to-the-microfilm-edition-of-records-of-ante-bellum-southern-plantations-from-the-revolution-through-the-civil-war-series-l-selections-from-the-earl-gregg-swem-library-the-college-of-william-and-mary-in-virginia-ser-l-pt-2?offset=11 pdf2] [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/996436-a-guide-to-the-microfilm-edition-of-records-of-ante-bellum-southern-plantations-from-the-revolution-through-the-civil-war-series-l-selections-from-the-earl-gregg-swem-library-the-college-of-william-and-mary-in-virginia-ser-l-pt-3?offset=12 pdf3] [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/996437-a-guide-to-the-microfilm-edition-of-records-of-ante-bellum-southern-plantations-from-the-revolution-through-the-civil-war-series-l-selections-from-the-earl-gregg-swem-library-the-college-of-william-and-mary-in-virginia-ser-l-pt-4?offset=14 pdf4]  
[pdf1] [pdf2] [pdf3] [pdf4]  


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{{FSC|1844318}} {{FSC|1844336}} {{FSC|1844348}} {{FSC|1844362}}
{{FHL|1844318}} {{FHL|1844336}} {{FHL|1844348}} {{FHL|1844362}}  


|-
|-
|'''Series M''', Selections from the [https://www.virginiahistory.org/ Virginia Historical Society]  
| '''Series M''', Selections from the [http://www.vahistorical.org/ Virginia Historical Society]  
:*Part 1: Tayloe Family, 1650-1970
:*Part 1: Tayloe Family, 1650-1970


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:*Part 6: Northern Virginia and Valley
:*Part 6: Northern Virginia and Valley


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| valign="bottom" align="center" |  
[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2481_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2482_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt2.pdf pdf2] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2476_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt3.pdf pdf3] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2474_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt4.pdf pdf4] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2472_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt5.pdf pdf5] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2473_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt6.pdf pdf6]
[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2481_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2482_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt2.pdf pdf2] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2476_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt3.pdf pdf3] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2474_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt4.pdf pdf4] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2472_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt5.pdf pdf5] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/2473_AnteBellSouthPlanSerMPt6.pdf pdf6]  


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{{FHL|1986019}} {{FHL|2230363}} {{FHL|2330422}} {{FHL|2230472}}  


|-
|-
|'''Series N''', Selections from the [https://www.mdah.ms.gov/ Mississippi Department of Archives and History]
| '''Series N''', Selections from the [http://mdah.state.ms.us/arrec/index.php Mississippi Department of Archives and History]  
| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/10845_AnteBellSouthPlanSerN.pdf pdf]
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/10845_AnteBellSouthPlanSerN.pdf pdf]  
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|}<br><br>
<br><br>


{| width="66%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="left"
{| width="66%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1" align="left"
|-
|-
| bgcolor="#ff9933" align="center" |'''Slavery in Ante-Bellum Southern Industries Collection or Repository'''<ref>LexisNexis, "Slavery in Ante-Bellum Southern Industries" in ''UPA COLLECTIONS Publications'' at http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1575_SlavAnteBellSouthIndSerCPt1.pdf (accessed 27 March 2010).</ref>
| bgcolor="#ff9933" align="center" | '''Slavery in Ante-Bellum Southern Industries Collection or Repository'''<ref>LexisNexis, "Slavery in Ante-Bellum Southern Industries" in ''UPA COLLECTIONS Publications'' at http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/upa_cis/default.asp?t=343 (accessed 27 March 2010).</ref>  
| width="6%" bgcolor="#ff9933" align="center" |'''User Guide'''
| width="6%" bgcolor="#ff9933" align="center" | '''User Guide'''  
| width="9%" bgcolor="#ff9933" align="center" |'''FHL First Film'''
| width="9%" bgcolor="#ff9933" align="center" | '''FHL First Film'''
|-
|-
|'''Series A''', Selection from [http://library.duke.edu/ Duke University Library]
| '''Series A''', Selection from [http://library.duke.edu/ Duke University Library]  
| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/10740_SlaveryAnteBellSouthIndSerA.pdf pdf]
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/10740_SlaveryAnteBellSouthIndSerA.pdf pdf]  
| align="center" |{{FSC|1841653}}
| align="center" | {{FHL|1841653}}
|-
|-
|'''Series B''', Selection from [https://library.unc.edu/wilson/shc/l Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill]
| '''Series B''', Selection from [http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/shc/shcabout.html Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill]  
| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1571_AntebellSouIndustriesSerB.pdf pdf]
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1571_AntebellSouIndustriesSerB.pdf pdf]  
| align="center" |{{FSC|1844031}}
| align="center" | {{FHL|1844031}}
|-
|-
|'''Series C''', Selections from the [https://www.virginiahistory.org/ Virginia Historical Society]  
| '''Series C''', Selections from the [http://www.vahistorical.org/ Virginia Historical Society]  
:*Part 1: Mining and Smelting Industries
:*Part 1: Mining and Smelting Industries
:*Part 2: Railroad and Canal Construction Industries and Other Trades and Industries
:*Part 2: Railroad and Canal Construction Industries and Other Trades and Industries
| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1575_SlavAnteBellSouthIndSerCPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1573_SlavAnteBellSouthIndSerCPt2.pdf pdf2]
 
| align="center" |
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1575_SlavAnteBellSouthIndSerCPt1.pdf pdf1] [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/1573_SlavAnteBellSouthIndSerCPt2.pdf pdf2]  
| align="center" |  
[film] [film]  
[film] [film]  
|-
|-
|'''Series D''', Selections from the [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/ University of Virginia Library]  
| '''Series D''', Selections from the [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/ University of Virginia Library]  
:*Part 1: Mining and Smelting Industries
:*Part 1: Mining and Smelting Industries


| align="center" |[http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/4577_SlavAnteBellSouthIndSerDPt1.pdf pdf1]
| align="center" | [http://www.lexisnexis.com/documents/academic/upa_cis/4577_SlavAnteBellSouthIndSerDPt1.pdf pdf1]  
| align="center" |[film]
| align="center" | [film]
|-
|-
|'''Series E''', Selections from the [http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/libraryarchives/ihc/ McCormick-International Harvester Collection]
| '''Series E''', Selections from the [http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/libraryarchives/ihc/ McCormick-International Harvester Collection]  
| align="center" |[pdf]
| align="center" | [pdf]  
| align="center" |[film]
| align="center" | [film]
|}
|}<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
==== Indexes ====
''Genealogical Index to the Guides of the Microfilm Edition of Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War,'' by Jean L. Cooper, Bloomington, Ind.: 1stBooks, 2003. {{FSC|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 D22cj.}}  Also available online at [https://archive.org/details/genealogicalinde0000coop Internet Archive.] This book identifies each collection with material about a given family name (usually slaveholder, sometimes enslaved person) or plantation name, and locate microfilm copies of the papers with that family name or plantation name. The items indexed include deeds, wills, estate papers, genealogies, personal and business correspondence, account books, and lists of enslaved persons.
 
These are indexed in six separate lists:<ref>Cooper, viii.</ref>  


*Location (alphabetical by city or county)
===== Indexes  =====
*Location (alphabetical by state)
*Plantation name
*Plantation name (alphabetical by state)
*Surname
*Surname (alphabetical by state)


To use the above indexes, you need to know either the location (the enslaved person's hometown), the name of his plantation, or the slaveholder's name. This information is sometimes found in [[African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records|Freedman's Bank]] or [[African American Freedmen's Bureau Records|Freedmen's Bureau]] records. Only about 15 percent of formerly enslaved persons used the family name of their former slaveholder.  
Use the index by Jean L. Cooper, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/53999037&referer=brief_results Genealogical Index to the Guides of the Microfilm Edition of Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War]'' ([Bloomington, Ind.]: 1stBooks, ©2003){{FHL|973 D22cj}} Book to identify each collection with material about a given family name (usually owner, sometimes slave) or plantation name, and locate microfilms of the papers with that family name, or plantation name. The items indexed include deeds, wills, estate papers, genealogies, personal and business correspondence, account books, and slave lists. These are indexed in six separate lists:<ref>Cooper, viii.</ref>


For a competing index of the same ante-bellum plantation records see ''FamilySearch Library Bibliography of African American Sources As of 1994,'' by Marie Taylor, (Salt Lake City: U.S./Canada Reference, FamilySearch Library, 2000 {{FSC|956235|item|disp=FS catalog Book 973 F23tm; and Fiche 6002568}};  '''''Online at''''' {{FSDL|581984}}. It is alphabetical under the county or state where the plantation was located, the name of the plantation, or the name of the plantation's owner. It also cites many other sources beyond the ante-bellum plantation records. 
:*Location (alphabetical by city or county)


'''For plantation records not found in the above set''', search state and local historical societies, libraries, archives, museums, and:  
:*Location (alphabetical by state)
*''National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections: Compiled by the Library of Congress Under a Grant from the Council on Library Resources, Inc., from Reports Provided by American Repositories,'' Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 1959. {{FSC|200187|item|disp=FS Catalog Book 016.091 N21}}.


*''National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (NUCMC),'' {{WorldCat|1759448|item|disp= at various libraries (WorldCat)}}.  Library of Congress, by J.W. Edwards (Publisher varies: 1959-1961; 1962, The Shoe String Press; 1981 and 1991. Available online at the [http://www.loc.gov/coll/nucmc/oclcsearch.html Library of Congress].
:*Plantation name


*''Index to personal names in the National Union Catalog of Manuscript collections 1959-1984,'' Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, 2 vols. (Alexandria: Chadwyck-Healey, 1988). {{FSC|518729|title-id|disp=FS catalog book 016.091 1959-1984 index}}; {{WorldCat|14692607|item|disp= At various libraries (WorldCat)}}. Look for the slaveholder's name in this index in order to find planation records in the catalog above.
:*Plantation name (alphabetical by state)


*[http://sankofagen.pbworks.com/ Sankofagen Wiki] is a growing collection of free genealogical and historical data about American plantations, farms, factories, or manors that used enslaved African labor including names of enslaved persons. Arranged by state, county, and plantation.
:*Surname


*''The Large Slaveholders of the Deep South,'' (Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia), by Joseph Karl Menn. Ann Arbor, Michigan: UMI Dissertation Services, 1964.  {{FSC|635958|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 H6m Vol. 1-3}}; {{WorldCat|866334228|item|disp= At various libraries (WorldCat)}}.
:*Surname (alphabetical by state)
<br>


===Lists of Plantations===
To use the above indexes you need to know either the location (slave's home town), the name of his plantation, or the slave owner's name. This information is sometimes found in [[African American Freedman's Savings and Trust Company Records|Freedman's Bank]], or in [[African American Freedmen's Bureau Records|Freedmen's Bureau]] records. Only about 15 percent of freed slaves used the family name of former owners.


*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_in_the_American_South Plantations in the American South]
For a competing index of the same ante-bellum plantation records see Marie Taylor, [https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/show?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog-search-api%3A8080%2Fwww-catalogapi-webservice%2Fitem%2F956235 ''Family History Library Bibliography of African American Sources As of 1994''] (Salt Lake City: U.S./Canada Reference, Family History Library, 2000)[{{FHL|956235|title-id|disp=FHL Ref Book 973 F23tm; Fiche 6002568}}]. This book is digitized and available [https://www.familysearch.org/s/catalog/show?uri=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.familysearch.org%3A8080%2Fwww-catalogapi-webservice%2Fitem%2F956235&hash=HloWXpZgU9zB10k5M56iYku8TUc%253D online]. It is alphabetical under the county or state where the plantation was located, the name of the plantation, or the name of the owner. It also cites many other sources beyond the ante-bellum plantation records.  
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Alabama Alabama]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Georgia_(U.S._state) Georgia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Louisiana Louisiana]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Mississippi Mississippi]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_North_Carolina North Carolina]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_South_Carolina South Carolina]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia Virginia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_West_Virginia West Virginia]


==Registers of Enslaved Persons, Freedmen, and Manumission Papers==
'''For plantation records not found in the above set''', search state and local historical societies, libraries, archives, museums, and:


By the time of start of the Civil War in 1861, about ten percent of African Americans were free. Most free African Americans carried their own papers, but these could be stolen. In order to distinguish between enslaved persons, runaways, and free African Americans, many counties or states in the upper South and border states kept one or more sets of registers or papers. Some had registers of enslaved persons. Some kept registers of Blacks, Freedmen, Free Men of Color, or "free Negroes." Some kept copies of manumission papers of formerly enslaved individuals. To find these kinds of registers or papers look in county courthouse records. They are most likely found in the court papers, among the land and property deeds, or occasionally in probate and tax records. Sometimes these kinds of records are found at state libraries, archives, or historical societies.  
*Library of Congress, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1759448 National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections]'' (or NUCMC) (Publisher varies: 1959-1961, J.W. Edwards; 1962, The Shoe String Press; 1981-, The Library of Congress; 1991-, Cataloging Distribution Service, Library of Congress.)[{{FHL|200187|title-id|disp=FHL Book 016.091 N21}}]. Also available [http://www.loc.gov/coll/nucmc/oclcsearch.html online].


==Slave Trade Registers==
:*Library of Congress, Manuscript Division, ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14692607 Index to personal names in the National Union Catalog of Manuscript collections 1959-1984]'', 2 vols. (Alexandria: Chadwyck-Healey, 1988)[{{FHL|518729|title-id|disp=FHL Book 016.091 1959-1984 index}}]. Look for the slave owner's name in this index in order to find planation records in the catalog above.


The Constitution allowed the outlawing of the importation of enslaved persons to the United States after 1808. Between then and the Civil War, the internal slave trade became an important business in the Southern United States. Most states regulated the slave trade. A few kept records of slave traders and their businesses. Look for such business registers at state libraries, archives, historical societies, or county courthouses.  
*[http://sankofagen.pbworks.com/ Sankofagen Wiki] is a growing collection of free genealogical and historical data about American plantations, farms, factories, or manors that used African slave labor including slaves' names. Arranged by state, county, and plantation.


*''Adventures of an African Slaver: being a True Account of the life of Captain Theodore Canot, Trader of Gold, Ivory and Slaves on the Coast of Guinea, his own story as told in the year 1854 to Brantz Mayer. ''(Includes a log book), by Theophile Conneau. Austin, Texas: Pemberton Press, 1974.  {{FSC|81900|item|disp=FS Catalog book 921.73 C762a}}; {{WorldCat|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}.
*''The Large Slaveholders of the Deep South''. (Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia) by Joseph Karl Menn. {{FHL| 635958|item|desp=FHL book 973 H6m Vol. 1-3}}&nbsp; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/large-slaveholders-of-the-deep-south-1860/oclc/866334228 WorldCat]
*''Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America,'' 4 Vols. by Elizabeth Donnan,  ed..  Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1935. (Includes a list of Slave Ships). {{WorldCat|426243|item|disp=At various libraries.}}


==Slave Manifests==
=== Registers of Slaves and Freedmen and Manumission Papers  ===
*[[United States, National Archives, Manifests of Enslaved Persons|Ship Manifests of Enslaved Persons]] at the National Archives; covers some records listed below
*'''[[Slave Manifests - National Archives Catalog]] Coverage Table'''


*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2554808 Coastwise Slave Manifests, 1820-1860, Port of Mobile Alabama. NAID 2554808]
By the time of start of the Civil War in 1861 about ten percent of African Americans were free. Most free African Americans carried their own papers, but these could be stolen. In order to distinguish between slaves, runaways, and free African Americans, many counties or states in the upper South, and border states kept one or more sets of registers or papers. Some had registers of slaves. Some kept registers of blacks, freedmen, "free men of color," or "free Negroes." Some kept copies of manumission papers of people freed from enslavement. To find these kinds of registers or papers look in county courthouse records. They are most likely found in the court papers, or among the land and property deeds, or occasionally in probate records, or even with taxation records. Sometimes these kinds of records are found at state libraries, archives, or historical societies.  
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/1151775 Coastwise Slave Manifests, 1801-1860, Post of Savannah, Georgia. NAID 1151775]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/140107046 Slave Manifests, 6.27.1817, Port of Baltimore, Maryland. NAID 140107046]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7821181 Slave Manifests for the Port of New York, 6.1822-8.1852. NAID 7821181]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/5573655 Slave Manifests for the Port of New Orleans, 1817-1861. NAID 5573655]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/875814 Slave Manifests for the Port of Philadelphia, 8.1800-4.1860. NAID 875814]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2767346 Coastwise Slave Manifests, 1820-1858, Port of Charleston, South Carolina. NAID 2767346]
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2767350 Coastwise Slave Manifests,1826-1830, Port of Beaufort, South Carolina, NAID 2767350]


''' Selected Slave Manifests '''
=== Slave Trade  ===


*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/2641467 Slave Manifest from the Brig Alo. NAID 2641467]
*Bancroft, Frederick. Slave Trading in the Old South. New York, New York: Frederick Ungar Pub. c 1969 FHL book 975 H6b[http://www.worldcat.org/title/slave-trading-in-the-old-south/oclc/20706123 WorldCat]  
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7456575 Slave Manifest for Brig Virginia of Baltimore. NAID 7456575]
*Deyle, Steven. ''Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/carry-me-back-the-domestic-slave-trade-in-american-life/oclc/61342034&referer=brief_results WorldCat]  
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7456569 Slave Manifest for Brig Orleans. NAID 7456569]
*Gundmestad, Robert H. ''A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade''. Baton Rough: Louisiana State University Press,&nbsp; 2003. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/troublesome-commerce-the-transformation-of-the-interstate-slave-trade/oclc/52153836&referer=brief_results WorldCat]  
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7364549 Slave Manifest for the Schooner William of Troy. NAID 7364549]
*Rawley, James A ., with Stephen D. Behrendt. ''The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History''. Lincoln: university of Nebraska Press, 2005. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/translantic-slave-trade-a-history/oclc/432761319&referer=brief_results WorldCat 1981 ed].
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/17408487 Slave Manifest for the Brig Splendid of Baltimore. NAID 17408487]
*Tadman, Michael. ''Speculator and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South''. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. FHL 975 H6t [http://www.worldcat.org/title/speculators-and-slaves-masters-traders-and-slaves-in-the-old-south/oclc/20294668&referer=brief_results WorldCat]  
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/46756382 Slave Manifest of the Katherine Jackson of Georgetown. NAID 46756382]
*Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave &nbsp;Trade, 1440-1870. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997. FHL 973F2th [http://www.worldcat.org/title/slave-trade-the-story-of-the-atlantic-slave-trade-1440-1870/oclc/36884041&referer=brief_results WorldCat]  
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/17408488 Slave Manifest for the Brig Comet Gardiner. NAID 17408488]
*Fogel, Robert William, and Stanley L. Engerman.''Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery''. Boston: Little Brown, 1974. FHL 973 H6fr [http://www.worldcat.org/title/time-on-the-cross-tthe-economics-of-american-negro-slavery/oclc/741011&referer=brief_results WorldCat]  
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/6210358 Slave Manifest of the S.S. Texas from La Salle to New Orleans Arrived March 5, 1860. NAID 6210358]
*Jewett, Clayton E., and John O. Allen. ''Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History''. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/slavery-in-the-south-a-state-by-state-history/oclc/57436276&referer=brief_results WorldCat]  
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/43953606 Outward Manifest, Steamship Savannah, April 16, 1852. NAID 43953606]
*King, James F. ''Descriptive Data on Negro Slaves in Spanish Importation Records and Bills of Sale''. ''Journal of Negro History''. Volume 28 pages 204-230
*[https://catalog.archives.gov/id/44128298 Outward Manifest, Steamship Florida, July 3, 1852. NAID 44128298]


=== Slave Trade Registers  ===


==Slave Trade==
The Constitution allowed the outlawing of the importation of slaves to the United States after 1808. Between then and the Civil War the internal slave trade became an important business in the Southern United States. Most states regulated the slave trade. A few kept records of slave traders and their businesses. Look for such business registers at state libraries, archives, historical societies, or county courthouses.  
'''Websites'''
*[https://enslaved.org Enslaved|Peoples of the Historical Slave Trade]
'''Publications'''
*''Slave Trading in the Old South,'' by Frederick Bancroft. New York, New York: Frederick Ungar Pub. c 1969. {{FSC|91414|item|disp= FS catalog book 975 H6b.}}; {{WorldCat|20706123|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}


*''Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life,'' by Steven Deyle.  New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. {{WorldCat|61342034|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*Conneau, Theophile. ''Adventures of an African Slaver: being a true account of the life of Captain Theodore Canot, Trader of Gold, Ivory and Slaves on the Coast of Guinea, his own story as told in the year 1854 to Brantz Mayer. '' (includes a log book){{FHL|81900|item|desp=FHL book 921.73 C762a}} [http://www.worldcat.org/title/adventures-of-an-african-slaver-being-a-true-account-of-the-life-of-captain-theodore-canot-trader-in-gold-ivory-and-slaves-on-the-coast-of-guinea-his-own-story-as-told-in-the-year-1854-to-brantz-mayer/oclc/866725436 WorldCat]
*Donnan, Elizabeth, ed. Documents ''Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America''. 4 Vols. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1935. (includes a list of Slave Ships) [http://www.worldcat.org/title/documents-illustrative-of-the-history-of-the-slave-trade-to-america/oclc/426243&referer=brief_results WorldCat]


*''A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade,'' by Robert H. Gundmestad. Baton Rough: Louisiana State University Press, 2003. {{WorldCat|52153836|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
=== Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database  ===


*''The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History,'' by James A . Rawley, with Stephen D. Behrendt. Lincoln Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2005, 1981 ed. {{WorldCat|432761319|item|disp=at various libraries (WorldCat)}} .
The [http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.faces Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database] Internet site contains references to 35,000 slave voyages, including over 67,000 Africans aboard slave ships, using name, age, gender, origin, and place of embarkation. The database is about the slave trade between Africa, Europe, Brazil, the Caribbean, and the United States.  


*''Speculator and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South,'' Michael Tadman. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. {{FSC|539904|item|disp=FS Catalog 975 H6t.}};  {{WorldCat|20294668|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}} .
=== Online Resources  ===


*''The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440-1870,'' Hugh Thomas. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997. {{FSC|740859|item|disp=FS catalog book 973F2th.}}; {{WorldCat|36884041|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
[http://www.cah.utexas.edu/services/subject_guides/subject_guide_slavery.php Slaves and Slavery Resources]


*''Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery,'' Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Engerman. Boston, Massachusetts: Little Brown, 1974. {{FSC|322175|item|disp= FamilySearch catalog book 973 H6fr}}; {{WorldCat|741011|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
=== Other Sources ===


*''Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History,'' Clayton E. Jewett and John O. Allen.  Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004. {{WorldCat|57436276|item|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*[[Beginning United States Civil War Research|Beginning United States Civil War Research]] gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in ‘Louisiana in the Civil War’ and ‘United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865’ (see below).
*''Descriptive Data on Negro Slaves in Spanish Importation Records and Bills of Sale.'' "Journal of Negro History."  James F. King,  Volume 28 pages 204-230


==FamilySearch Library==
*Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation, Division of Insurance.''[http://insurance2.illinois.gov/Consumer/SlaveryInformation/SlaveryReporting.asp Slavery Era Insurance Policies Registry]''. A database about insurance policies issued for slaveholders, arranged slaveholder's name may be searched by state's abbreviation (VA for Virginia)
'''Slavery and Bondage collections at the FamilySearch Library'''  


*[[Southern States Slavery and Bondage Collections]]
*National Park Service, [http://www.itd.nps.gov/cwss/ The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System], is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
*[[North Carolina Slavery and Bondage Collection ]]


==Other Sources==
*[[Louisiana in the Civil War|Louisiana in the Civil War]] describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Louisiana, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.


*''A Perspective on Indexing Slaves' Names.'' David E. Paterson. "The American Archivist." 64 (Spring/Summer, 2001):132- 142.
*[[United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865|United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865]] describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
*''Black Slavery Emancipation Research in the Northern States,'' by James W. Petty. "National Genealogical Society Quarterly," 100 (December 2012):293-304. {{FSC|2157108|item|disp=FS Catalog book 973 D27pj}}  '''''Online at''''' {{FSDL|367914}}
*'' Slave Era Insurance Registry,'' by Timothy Nathan Pinnick.  "NGS Magazine" 33 #4 (October-December 2007):27-31.
*[[Beginning United States Civil War Research|Beginning United States Civil War Research]] gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in ‘Louisiana in the Civil War’ and ‘United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865’ (see below).
*[[Slavery Era Insurance Registry|Slavery Era Insurance Registry]]. Information on insurance policies held by slaveholders for death or damage of their enslaved persons.  Multiple states included. 
*National Park Service, [https://www.nps.gov/civilwar/soldiers-and-sailors-database.htm The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System], is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
*[[Louisiana in the Civil War|Louisiana in the Civil War]] describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Louisiana, and how to find them. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, internet databases, published books, etc.
*[[United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865|United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865]] describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, internet databases, published books, etc.
*''Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition,'' by Peter Hinks and John McKivigan, eds., R. Owen Williams, assistant Ed. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2007. {{FSC|1478714|item|disp=FS Catalog 326.803 H593e vols. 1-2}}; {{WorldCat|230763683|item|disp= At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
*''Encyclopedia of the Underground Railroad.'' by J. Blaine Hudson. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 2006 {{FSC|1339253|item|disp=FS Catalog 973 H26hj}}
*[https://sdusmp.org/New2/ Sons & Daughters of the United States Middle Passage]
*[https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2017/winter/summer-of-1862 Paul Finkelman.'' The Revolutionary Summer of 1862. How Congress Abolished Slavery and Created a Modern American.'' Prologue 49 (Winter 2017-18)]
*[http://slavenamerollproject.blogspot.com/ Slave Name Roll Project]


==References==
=== References ===


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[[Category:Slavery_and_Bondage]]

Revision as of 14:10, 28 May 2016

African American Genealogy Wiki Topics
African American Image 5.jpg
Beginning Research
Original Records
Compiled Sources
Background Information
Finding Aids
AA ORP.png
United States Gotoarrow.png African American Research Gotoarrow.png Slavery and Bondage

African American slavery, plantation and other related records available for researchers.

Slave market, built in 1762, in Newport, Rhode Island, now home to the Museum of Newport History.

Brief History of Slavery in America[edit | edit source]

Nearly 75 percent of people who arrived in America from Europe and Africa before 1776 were immigrants in bondage. Those from Africa almost always arrived enslaved. Those from Europe were often convicts, indentured servant apprentices, or became indentured servants to pay for the cost of their ocean crossing. In colonial times indentured servitude as an apprentice was considered the normal way to learn a trade (part of growing up), or a normal option for paying a large debt.[1]

In 1619 a Dutch ship blown off course came looking for fresh water near Jamestown, Virginia. At Jamestown the Dutch sold 20 of the African slaves they had captured from a Spanish ship originally bound for Mexico. These were the earliest known African immigrants to arrive in what is now the United States. It was the custom of that time to free servant-slaves after seven years.[2][3]

Caribbean and Brazilian plantations (95 percent of the trans-Atlantic slave trade) usually grew sugar and few slaves survived there for seven years. In America (five percent of the slave trade) slaves lived longer and had children. In the thirteen British-American colonies a milder climate and better working conditions growing tobacco, cotton, hemp, and indigo allowed slaves to live long enough to be freed. But the institution of lifetime chattel slavery applied to people of African descent was slowly accepted and developed when owners were reluctant to free such valuable labor to compete with their former owners. This form of slavery was formally legalized first in British-America in 1654.[4]

All 13 British-American colonies participated in the slave trade before 1780. In the 1750s a slavery abolitionist movement began and grew stronger. Vermont was the first to abolish slavery in 1777 and by 1804 all individual states north of the Mason-Dixon line had gradually ended slavery. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was a federal law that prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River. Slave labor works best when the assigned task is relatively simple, such as large scale agriculture. Slavery in increasingly industrialized America was becoming too expensive until the invention of the cotton gin in 1793. A healthy young adult male slave was worth about two years wages, so most owners considered freeing slaves an economic hardship. The Constitution of the United States permitted the outlawing of the importation of slaves starting in 1808, but the internal slave trade continued until the end of the Civil War and the Thirteenth Amendment prohibited chattel slavery in 1865.[5]

American slavery was particularly hard on African American families. Owners were frequently forced by economics to sell off members of a slave's family. A few slave owners freed some or all of their slaves in the owner's will, but more often ownership of slaves was transferred to the owner's wife or children. In some cases, rather than free a slave as instructed in the owner's will, the slave was sold to help pay debts. A few slave owners allowed their slaves to earn money and purchase their family members or their own freedom. Slave marriages were usually not recorded by civil authorities until after the Civil War in Freedmen's Bureau records. However, occasionally slave marriages are in the plantation, or owner family Bible records.

Receipt for $500.00 payment for a slave.

Slave Records[edit | edit source]

Example plantation record listing slave birth and death dates.

Finding an African American ancestor who was enslaved almost always means finding the records of the family that owned him or her.

Study the life and records of the slave owner and his family. Your ancestor’s life was inseparably connected with the slave owner. Your ancestor may be listed in records of the slave owner’s property:

  • Tax records. These list slaves and their monetary value.
  • Land and property records. Search for information about deeds, sales, mortgages, or rental transactions of slaves.
  • Probate, estate, and chancery court records These show the distribution of slaves at the death of a slave owner.
  • Plantation records. Account log books give the names of slaves, family relationships, and their assigned tasks. Some records give the slaves’ birth and death dates. They also record when a slave was bought, from whom, and for how much. Most plantation records would be in the hands of the plantation family descendants, or at county or state archives or libraries.

State Slavery Statutes[edit | edit source]

These records are the acts and laws of the following slave states: Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia

State Slavery Statutes: Guide to Microfiche Collection. by Paul Finkelman. FHL Collection  WorldCat

Microfiche collection State Slavery Statutes. Microfiche collection 354 fiche. FHL Collection WorldCat 

Finding Plantation Records[edit | edit source]

A few plantation records are listed in a set of user-guide books starting with the title Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution through the Civil War (Frederick, Md.: University Publications of America, 1966). The records described in these user-guide booklets are a microfilm collection of manuscripts held in several major research libraries throughout the South. Parts of the papers from some plantations were once scattered by their donation to many libraries, and this collection now helps gather some of them in a single set. It offers access to selected material from Maryland to Texas in one source.[6] Viewing the user guides online requires Adobe® Acrobat® Reader. Also, a more recent series about slavery in Southern industries has been started.

Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations Collection or Repository[7] User Guide FHL First Film
Series A, Selections from the South Carolina Library. University of South Carolina
  • Part 1: The Papers of James Henry Hammond, 1795-1865
  • Part 2: Miscellaneous Collections

pdf1 pdf2

FHL 1534196 FHL 1534211

Series B, Selections from the South Carolina Historical Society pdf FHL 1534237
Series C, Selections from the Library of Congress
  • Part 1: Virginia
  • Part 2: Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina

pdf1 pdf2

FHL 1534247 FHL 1534255

Series D, Selections from the Maryland Historical Society pdf FHL 1534260
Series E, Selections from the University of Virginia Library
  • Part 1: Virginia Plantations
  • Part 3: Virginia Plantations
  • Part 4: Cooke Family Papers
  • Part 5: Ambler Family Papers
  • Part 6: Virginia Plantations

pdf1 pdf2 pdf3 pdf4 pdf5 pdf6

FHL 1534274 FHL 1534313 FHL 1548744 FHL 2230021 FHL 2230087 FHL 2330105

Series F, Selections from the Duke University Library
  • Part 1: The Deep South
  • Part 2: South Carolina and Georgia
  • Part 3: North Carolina, Maryland and Virginia
  • Part 4: North Carolina and Virginia Plantations
  • Part 5: William Patterson Smith Collections

pdf1 pdf2 pdf3 pdf4 pdf5

FHL 1549774 FHL 1549797 FHL 1549813 FHL 2230145 FHL 2230170

Series G, Selections from the Center for American History, University of Texas at Austin
  • Part 1: Texas and Louisiana Collections
  • Part 2: William Massie Collection
  • Part 3: Bank of the State of Mississippi Records, 1804-1846
  • Part 4: Winchester Family Papers, 1783-1906
  • Part 5: Other Plantation Collections

pdf1 pdf2 pdf3 pdf4 pdf5

FHL 1549858 FHL 1549902 FHL 2230190 FHL 2330208 FHL 2230235

Series H, Selections from the Howard-Tilton Library, Tulane University, and the Louisiana State Museum Archives pdf FHL 1672269
Series I, Selections from Louisiana State University
  • Part 1: Louisiana Sugar Plantations
  • Part 2: Louisiana and Miscellaneous Southern Cotton Plantations
  • Part 3: The Natchez Area
  • Part 4: Barrow, Bisland, Bowman and Other Collections
  • Part 5: Butler Family Collections
  • Part 6: David Weeks and Family Collections

pdf1 pdf2 pdf3 pdf4 pdf5 pdf6

FHL 1672254 FHL 1672317 FHL 1672299 FHL 2330278 FHL 2230316 FHL 2230343

Series J, Selections from the Southern Historical Collections, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 
  • Part 1: The Cameron Family Papers
  • Part 2: The Pettigrew Family Papers
  • Part 3: South Carolina
  • Part 4: Georgia and Florida
  • Part 5: Louisiana
  • Part 6: Mississippi and Arkansas
  • Part 7: Alabama
  • Part 8: Tennessee and Kentucky
  • Part 9: Virginia
  • Part 10: Hubard Family Papers, 1741-1865
  • Part 11: Hairston and Wilson Families
  • Part 12: Tidewater and Coastal Plains North Carolina
  • Part 13: Piedmont North Carolina
  • Part 14: Western North Carolina

pdf1 pdf2 pdf3 pdf4 pdf5 pdf6 pdf7 pdf8 pdf9 pdf10 pdf11 pdf12 pdf13 pdf14

FHL 1672791 FHL 1672860 FHL 1730987 FHL 1730772 FHL 1731443 FHL 1760119 FHL 1760148 FHL 1760168 FHL 1760188 FHL 1843384 FHL 1841689FHL 1843410 FHL 1843460 FHL 1843500

Series K, Selections from the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation Library, The Shirley Plantation Collection, 1650-1888 pdf FHL 1844005
Series L, Selections from the Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William and Mary
  • Part 1: Carter Papers, 1667-1882
  • Part 2: Jerdone Family Papers, 1736-1918
  • Part 3: Skipwith Family Papers, 1760-1977
  • Part 4: Austin-Twyman Papers, 1765-1865 and Charles Brown Papers, 1792-1888

[pdf1] [pdf2] [pdf3] [pdf4]

FHL 1844318 FHL 1844336 FHL 1844348 FHL 1844362

Series M, Selections from the Virginia Historical Society
  • Part 1: Tayloe Family, 1650-1970
  • Part 2: Northern Neck of Virginia; also Maryland
  • Part 3: Other Tidewater Virginia
  • Part 4: Central Piedmont Virginia
  • Part 5: Southside Virginia
  • Part 6: Northern Virginia and Valley

pdf1 pdf2 pdf3 pdf4 pdf5 pdf6

FHL 1985945 FHL 1986002

FHL 1986019 FHL 2230363 FHL 2330422 FHL 2230472

Series N, Selections from the Mississippi Department of Archives and History pdf FHL 2230486



Slavery in Ante-Bellum Southern Industries Collection or Repository[8] User Guide FHL First Film
Series A, Selection from Duke University Library pdf FHL 1841653
Series B, Selection from Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill pdf FHL 1844031
Series C, Selections from the Virginia Historical Society
  • Part 1: Mining and Smelting Industries
  • Part 2: Railroad and Canal Construction Industries and Other Trades and Industries
 pdf1 pdf2

[film] [film]

Series D, Selections from the University of Virginia Library
  • Part 1: Mining and Smelting Industries
 pdf1 [film]
Series E, Selections from the McCormick-International Harvester Collection [pdf] [film]

















Indexes[edit | edit source]

Use the index by Jean L. Cooper, Genealogical Index to the Guides of the Microfilm Edition of Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War ([Bloomington, Ind.]: 1stBooks, ©2003)FHL 973 D22cj Book to identify each collection with material about a given family name (usually owner, sometimes slave) or plantation name, and locate microfilms of the papers with that family name, or plantation name. The items indexed include deeds, wills, estate papers, genealogies, personal and business correspondence, account books, and slave lists. These are indexed in six separate lists:[9]

  • Location (alphabetical by city or county)
  • Location (alphabetical by state)
  • Plantation name
  • Plantation name (alphabetical by state)
  • Surname
  • Surname (alphabetical by state)

To use the above indexes you need to know either the location (slave's home town), the name of his plantation, or the slave owner's name. This information is sometimes found in Freedman's Bank, or in Freedmen's Bureau records. Only about 15 percent of freed slaves used the family name of former owners.

For a competing index of the same ante-bellum plantation records see Marie Taylor, Family History Library Bibliography of African American Sources As of 1994 (Salt Lake City: U.S./Canada Reference, Family History Library, 2000)[FHL Ref Book 973 F23tm; Fiche 6002568]. This book is digitized and available online. It is alphabetical under the county or state where the plantation was located, the name of the plantation, or the name of the owner. It also cites many other sources beyond the ante-bellum plantation records.

For plantation records not found in the above set, search state and local historical societies, libraries, archives, museums, and:

  • Sankofagen Wiki is a growing collection of free genealogical and historical data about American plantations, farms, factories, or manors that used African slave labor including slaves' names. Arranged by state, county, and plantation.
  • The Large Slaveholders of the Deep South. (Alabama, Mississippi and Georgia) by Joseph Karl Menn. FHL Collection  WorldCat

Registers of Slaves and Freedmen and Manumission Papers[edit | edit source]

By the time of start of the Civil War in 1861 about ten percent of African Americans were free. Most free African Americans carried their own papers, but these could be stolen. In order to distinguish between slaves, runaways, and free African Americans, many counties or states in the upper South, and border states kept one or more sets of registers or papers. Some had registers of slaves. Some kept registers of blacks, freedmen, "free men of color," or "free Negroes." Some kept copies of manumission papers of people freed from enslavement. To find these kinds of registers or papers look in county courthouse records. They are most likely found in the court papers, or among the land and property deeds, or occasionally in probate records, or even with taxation records. Sometimes these kinds of records are found at state libraries, archives, or historical societies.

Slave Trade[edit | edit source]

  • Bancroft, Frederick. Slave Trading in the Old South. New York, New York: Frederick Ungar Pub. c 1969 FHL book 975 H6bWorldCat
  • Deyle, Steven. Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. WorldCat
  • Gundmestad, Robert H. A Troublesome Commerce: The Transformation of the Interstate Slave Trade. Baton Rough: Louisiana State University Press,  2003. WorldCat
  • Rawley, James A ., with Stephen D. Behrendt. The Transatlantic Slave Trade: A History. Lincoln: university of Nebraska Press, 2005. WorldCat 1981 ed.
  • Tadman, Michael. Speculator and Slaves: Masters, Traders, and Slaves in the Old South. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989. FHL 975 H6t WorldCat
  • Thomas, Hugh. The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave  Trade, 1440-1870. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997. FHL 973F2th WorldCat
  • Fogel, Robert William, and Stanley L. Engerman.Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. Boston: Little Brown, 1974. FHL 973 H6fr WorldCat
  • Jewett, Clayton E., and John O. Allen. Slavery in the South: A State-by-State History. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. WorldCat
  • King, James F. Descriptive Data on Negro Slaves in Spanish Importation Records and Bills of Sale. Journal of Negro History. Volume 28 pages 204-230

Slave Trade Registers[edit | edit source]

The Constitution allowed the outlawing of the importation of slaves to the United States after 1808. Between then and the Civil War the internal slave trade became an important business in the Southern United States. Most states regulated the slave trade. A few kept records of slave traders and their businesses. Look for such business registers at state libraries, archives, historical societies, or county courthouses.

  • Conneau, Theophile. Adventures of an African Slaver: being a true account of the life of Captain Theodore Canot, Trader of Gold, Ivory and Slaves on the Coast of Guinea, his own story as told in the year 1854 to Brantz Mayer. (includes a log book)FHL Collection WorldCat
  • Donnan, Elizabeth, ed. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America. 4 Vols. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1935. (includes a list of Slave Ships) WorldCat

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database[edit | edit source]

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database Internet site contains references to 35,000 slave voyages, including over 67,000 Africans aboard slave ships, using name, age, gender, origin, and place of embarkation. The database is about the slave trade between Africa, Europe, Brazil, the Caribbean, and the United States.

Online Resources[edit | edit source]

Slaves and Slavery Resources

Other Sources[edit | edit source]

  • Beginning United States Civil War Research gives steps for finding information about a Civil War soldier. It covers the major records that should be used. Additional records are described in ‘Louisiana in the Civil War’ and ‘United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865’ (see below).
  • Illinois Department of Financial and Professional Regulation, Division of Insurance.Slavery Era Insurance Policies Registry. A database about insurance policies issued for slaveholders, arranged slaveholder's name may be searched by state's abbreviation (VA for Virginia)
  • National Park Service, The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System, is searchable by soldier's name and state. It contains basic facts about soldiers on both sides of the Civil War, a list of regiments, descriptions of significant battles, sources of the information, and suggestions for where to find additional information.
  • Louisiana in the Civil War describes many Confederate and Union sources, specifically for Louisiana, and how to find them.. These include compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.
  • United States Civil War, 1861 to 1865 describes and explains United States and Confederate States records, rather than state records, and how to find them. These include veterans’ censuses, compiled service records, pension records, rosters, cemetery records, Internet databases, published books, etc.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009). Citing The First Black Americans - US News and World Report.
  2. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009). Citing Alan Gallay, "Forgotten Story of Indian Slavery", Arab News (www.aljazeera.info), August 3, 2003.
  3. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "History of slavery," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery (accessed February 6, 2009).
  4. ↑ Wikipedia contributors. History of slavery [Internet]. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia; 2009 Feb 5, 08:12 UTC [cited 2009 Feb 6]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_slavery.
  5. ↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Slavery in the United States," Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States (accessed February 5, 2009).
  6. ↑ Jean L. Cooper, Genealogical Index to the Guides of the Microfilm Edition of Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War ([Bloomington, Ind.]: 1st Books, 2003), vii. [FHL Ref book 973 D22cj]
  7. ↑ LexisNexis, "Records of Ante-Bellum Southern Plantations from the Revolution Through the Civil War" in UPA COLLECTIONS Publications at http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/upa_cis/default.asp?t=343 (accessed 27 March 2010).
  8. ↑ LexisNexis, "Slavery in Ante-Bellum Southern Industries" in UPA COLLECTIONS Publications at http://www.lexisnexis.com/academic/upa_cis/default.asp?t=343 (accessed 27 March 2010).
  9. ↑ Cooper, viii.
v • d• e
Links to African American Research-related articles
Topics
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[[Category:African_American Records]

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