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| {{CountrySidebar | | {{Jewish-sidebar|news=<!-- Add News Items BELOW --> <br> |
| |Country=Moldova
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| |Name=Moldova
| | *[http://www.iajgs.org/members/calendar.html IAJGS Calendar] |
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| | *[http://www.ngsgenealogy.org/cs/conference_info 7-10 May 2014 Nat'l Gen. Soc. Conf., Richmond VA] <!-- Add News Items ABOVE --> |
| |Topic Type=Records
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| |Records=Jewish Records
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| |Country=Moldova
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| |Name=Moldova
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| |Records=Jewish Records
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| | link1=[[Moldova Genealogy|Moldova]]
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| | link5=[[Moldova Jewish Records|Jewish Records]]
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| Go to [[Jewish Genealogy Research|Jewish Genealogy Research Main Page]]
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| ==Historical Background==
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| At the time your Jewish ancestors lived in what is now Moldova, it was known as Bessarabia.The following articles will provide you with historical background and context:
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| *Read the Wikipedia.org article ''History of the Jews in Moldova'', by clicking [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova here].
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| {{Template:Jews in Eastern Europe}}
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| == Find the Town ==
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| In order to research your family in Moldova, it is essential that you have identified the place where they came from. It is not enough to know only 'Moldova' or 'Bessarabia;' you must know the town or shtetl that they came from. In addition to research in the records of the country they immigrated to, you may also want to examine the following sources to help you determine possible town locations.
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| ====JewishGen Family Finder====
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| *The [https://www.jewishgen.org/jgff/ '''Family Finder'''] is a database of both ancestral hometowns and surnames that have been researched by their descendants world wide. The Family Finder allows you to connect with others who are researching similar ancestors and origins and collaborate your research. To add the surnames and locations you are researching, click on '''Modify (Edit your existing entries)''' or '''Enter (Add new entries)'''. Type in the surnames and/or locations of interest and hit '''Submit'''. To search the database and see if you can connect to family members and other researchers, choose '''Search (Search the database)''' from the Town Finder home page. You can search for a surname and/or a town. Search results will appear in a chart format giving you the surname, town, country, and researcher information (often includes contact information) and the date they last logged into JewishGen.
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| ====Miriam Weiner's Surname Database====
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| Over her 30+ years of working in Eastern European archives, Miriam Weiner collected vast amounts of material and can be searched using the '''[https://www.rtrfoundation.org/newwebsite/lnintro.shtml Surname Database.]'''
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| *Use the [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/newwebsite/lnsearch.php Standard Surname Database] if you know your ancestor's given name, surname, or town name. This database is comprised of name lists from local historians and heads of Jewish communities, name lists from books, and name lists from various archives.
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| *Use the [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/newwebsite/ocrsearch.php OCR Surname Database] (optical character recognition) to search for your ancestor's surname. The search of the database is done using Cyrillic spellings, but the search form allows you to enter the name in Latin letters and automatically transliterates it into Cyrillic for you. This database is comprised of information from business directories, address calendars, telephone books, typed name lists, and name lists from books and from archives.
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| You may also be able to use the database to help narrow down a more specific location for where individuals lived who shared your ancestor's surname.
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| ==Maps and Gazetteers==
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| ====JewishGen Gazetteer====
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| *The [https://www.jewishgen.org/communities/loctown.asp '''JewishGen Gazetteer'''] is a useful online gazetteer for locations in Eastern Europe. Note that wild card searches are not supported. To view an entry page, click on the '''Jewish star''' to the left of the town name. Entry pages provide jurisdictions for before WWI, the interwar period, after WWII and modern-day. Alternate names and Yiddish and Russian spellings are also included. In the center, you'll find a map and a list of additional Jewish communities located nearby. Finally, under '''Additional Information''' and '''in the green box''' at the top, you'll find links to references and additional resources that may help you in your research.
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| ====Bessarabia Geographical Dictionary====
| | Go to [[Jewish Genealogy Research|Jewish Genealogy Research Main Page]]<br>Go to [[Moldova|Moldova Main Page]] |
| '''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/TPL_Base.asp?id=24 Bessarabia Geographical Dictionary]''' available through the Bessarabia Special Interest Group (SIG) is a list of places Jews lived or conducted business. The gazetteer is available to download in both Excel and PDF format.
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| ====Spiski Naselennykh Mest Rossiiskoi Imperii==== | | === Maps of Moldova === |
| The Spiski is a Russian langauge gazetteer that lists the populated places in Imperial Russia. The [http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/16030-vyp-3-bessarabskaya-guberniya-po-svedeniyam-1859-goda-1861#mode/grid/page/1/zoom/1 '''Bessarabia Gubernia (Province) Spiski'''] is available online. For help reading this gazetteer, see the [[Russia "How to" Guides|Spiski Gazetteer "How to" Guide]].
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| ====Maps of your Ancestor's Town====
| | *To view present-day Moldova at Google Maps, click [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Moldova&hl=en&ll=46.83765,29.069824&spn=6.764384,16.907959&sll=40.379214,-111.733668&sspn=0.11769,0.264187&oq=moldo&hnear=Moldova&t=m&z=7 here]. |
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| * Miriam Weiner's website offers select '''[https://www.rtrfoundation.org/maps3.shtml historical maps of Moldova]''', as well as a variety of '''[https://www.rtrfoundation.org/imagesearch.php historical images]''' from towns in Moldova that may prove useful in your family history.
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| *'''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/TPL_Base.asp?id=20 JewishGen Bessarabia SIG Military-Topographical Maps]''' explore the other map options under the Map tab on the Bessarabia SIG website.
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| *To view present-day Moldova at Google Maps, click [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Moldova&hl=en&ll=46.83765,29.069824&spn=6.764384,16.907959&sll=40.379214,-111.733668&sspn=0.11769,0.264187&oq=moldo&hnear=Moldova&t=m&z=7 here]. | |
| *For a Jewish population density map of Europe in 1900, click [[Jewish Population Maps|here]]. | | *For a Jewish population density map of Europe in 1900, click [[Jewish Population Maps|here]]. |
| *For a map showing the percentage of Jews in the Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, c. 1905, click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png here]. | | *For a map showing the percentage of Jews in the Pale of Settlement and Congress Poland, c. 1905, click [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png here]. |
| *To view an additional historical map showing the historical percentage of Jews in governments, click [http://books.google.com/books?id=sr85AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA531&lpg=PA531&dq=%22percentage+of+jews+in+governments%22+map&source=bl&ots=BK42kcedcz&sig=Eb1EvyRT9xaaOxNAlNit1-q2_yU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PcwMU5-xMcGBogTyqYKABg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22percentage%20of%20jews%20in%20governments%22%20map&f=false here]. | | *To view an additional historical map showing the historical percentage of Jews in governments, click [http://books.google.com/books?id=sr85AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA531&lpg=PA531&dq=%22percentage+of+jews+in+governments%22+map&source=bl&ots=BK42kcedcz&sig=Eb1EvyRT9xaaOxNAlNit1-q2_yU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=PcwMU5-xMcGBogTyqYKABg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22percentage%20of%20jews%20in%20governments%22%20map&f=false here].<br>Definition of "Pale of Settlement" from [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement Wikipedia.org]:<br>The Pale of Settlement (Russian: Черта́ осе́длости, chertá osédlosti, Yiddish: דער תּחום-המושבֿ, der tkhum-ha-moyshəv, Hebrew: תְּחוּם הַמּוֹשָב, tḥùm ha-mosháv) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish permanent residency was generally prohibited. It extended from the eastern pale, or demarcation line, to the western Russian border with the Kingdom of Prussia (later the German Empire) and with Austria-Hungary. The English term "pale" is derived from the Latin word "palus", a stake, extended to mean the area enclosed by a fence or boundary. |
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| ==Revision and Family Lists== | | === Jewish History in Moldova === |
| Revision lists are enumerations of the taxable population (most Jews in the Russian empire fell into a taxable social class). There were ten revisions taken sporadically from 1772-1858. These records are a foundational source in genealogical research as they provide names, ages, and relationships.
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| Supplemental Lists, also known as Family Lists, can be found ranging from about 1860 through the end of the nineteenth century. They are similar in format to revision lists and are often grouped with revision list records in an archive.
| | *Read the Wikipedia.org article ''History of the Jews in Moldova'', by clicking [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova here]. |
| | | {{Template:Jews in Eastern Europe}} |
| ====JewishGen (indexed records)====
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| Many revision list records have been indexed and are available through the '''[https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Romania/ JewishGen Romania-Moldova Database.]''' To see translation/indexing projects in progress, see the '''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/res_projectlist.asp Bessarabia SIG Project Search Form.]'''
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| ====FamilySearch (digital images)====
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| There may also be records available through the [[Introduction to the FamilySearch Catalog|'''FamilySearch Catalog''']].
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| :a. Click '''[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/results?count=20&placeId=1927051&query=%2Bplace%3A%22Moldova%22 here]''' to access catalog entries for Moldova.
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| :b. Click on '''Places within Moldova''' and a list of places will appear. You may need to click on a district and then select the '''Places within''' feature again.
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| :f. Click on the '''Taxation''' or '''Census''' topic. Click on the blue links to view specific record titles.
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| :e. Icons will appear at the far right of the listing for the record. The magnifying glass indicates that the record is indexed. Clicking on the magnifying glass will take you to the index. Clicking on the camera will take you to an online digital copy of the records. A camera with a key on top means the record is viewable but with certain restrictions that may mean the record can only be viewed at the FamilySearch Library in Salt Lake City, a FamilySearch Center, or FamilySearch Affiliate Library. Take a look at the [https://locations.familysearch.org/en/search '''FamilySearch Center Finder'''] to discover a location near you.
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| ====Revision List Finding Aids====
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| If you are unable to locate records online, there are several resources to help you determine what records are available for your town and which archive they are currently stored in. Revision list records are referred to as "census" records, and may be translated as "Revision tales" or "Fairy tales." See the [https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Ukraine_Jewish_Records#Additional_Records_-_Finding_Aids_and_Record_Inventories '''Additional Resources-''' '''Finding Aids and Records Inventories'''] heading in this Wiki article for more information.
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| ==Vital Records==
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| Throughout the Russian Empire, birth, marriage, divorce, and death records were required to be kept by the Jewish community beginning in 1835. Jewish records were generally kept in a tabular format with the left-side of the page in Russian and the right-side of the page in Hebrew. Vital records are available online in both indexed and digital image formats.
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| ====JewishGen (indexed records)====
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| Many vital records have been indexed and are available through the '''[https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Romania/ JewishGen Romania-Moldova Database.]''' To see translation/indexing projects in progress, see the '''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/res_projectlist.asp Bessarabia SIG Project Search Form.]'''
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| ====MyHeritage (indexed records)====
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| *[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-20046/bessarabia-jewish-births?s=275764761 Bessarabia, Jewish Births] at MyHeritage - index ($)
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| *[https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-20045/bessarabia-jewish-deaths?s=275764761 Bessarabia, Jewish Deaths] at MyHeritage - index ($)
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| *'''1906-1907''' [https://www.myheritage.com/research/collection-20016/bessarabia-voter-lists-1906-1907?s=275764761 Bessarabia, Voter Lists, 1906-1907] at MyHeritage - index ($)
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| ====Ancestry (indexed records)====
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| Birth records, 1829-1910, are available as indexes from Ancestry in the '''[https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/1393/ Bessarabia (now Moldova), Births, 1829-1910 Collection.]''' Indexes ''may'' contain a FS Library microfilm number, and images may be accessible online. Use the '''[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog FamilySearch Catalog]''' and search using the ''Film/Fiche Number'' to see about record availability.
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| ====FamilySearch (digital images)====
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| There may also be records available through the [[Introduction to the FamilySearch Catalog|'''FamilySearch Catalog''']].
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| :a. Click '''[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog/results?count=20&placeId=1927051&query=%2Bplace%3A%22Moldova%22 here]''' to access catalog entries for Moldova.
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| :b. Click on '''Places within Moldova''' and a list of places will appear. You may need to click on a district and then select the '''Places within''' feature again.
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| :f. Click on the '''Jewish Record''' topic (it may be found at either the town or uyezd level). Click on the blue links to view specific record titles.
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| :e. Icons will appear at the far right of the listing for the record. The magnifying glass indicates that the record is indexed. Clicking on the magnifying glass will take you to the index. Clicking on the camera will take you to an online digital copy of the records. A camera with a key on top means the record is viewable but with certain restrictions that may mean the record can only be viewed at the FamilySearch Library in Salt Lake City, a FamilySearch Center, or FamilySearch Affiliate Library. Take a look at the [https://locations.familysearch.org/en/search '''FamilySearch Center Finder'''] to discover a location near you.
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| ====Vital Records Finding Aids====
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| If you are unable to locate records online, there are several great resources to help you determine what records are available for your town and which archive they are currently stored in. See the '''[https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Ukraine_Jewish_Records#Additional_Records_-_Finding_Aids_and_Record_Inventories Additional Records - Finding Aids and Records Inventories]''' heading in this Wiki article for more information.
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| ==Cemeteries==
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| *'''[https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Cemetery/ JewishGen Online Worldwide Burial Registry]''' contains 230,000 burial records for Romania and Moldova.
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| *'''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/RES_ProjectList.asp?doctype=14 Bessarabia SIG Cemeteries Projects]''' has a list of 79 cemeteries where Jews were buried in Bessarabia/Moldova. Many tombstones have been transcribed, and with a donation you may be able to recieve a photograph of the grave. The SIG also manages restoration and cleaning projects for cemeteries. See also [https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/RES_CollectionList.asp?dctid=14&listtype=P '''Cemeteries Collections'''.]
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| ==Holocaust==
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| ==== Holocaust Lists Database at Routes to Roots ====
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| Use the new '''[https://www.rtrfoundation.org/holocaust.php Holocaust Lists Database]''' at Miriam Weiner's Routes to Roots to determine the location of Holocaust documents such as victim and survivor lists, survival testimonials and more. Holocaust Collections included in this database are from select towns in Belarus, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, and Ukraine.
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| Database entries include information about archive the records are stored in and the archival file number. This information will help you locate the original record in the archive.
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| To determine what holocaust lists may survive, simply search the database by town. Click on an entry to view additional information about the record and its location. After you have determined that Holocaust documents for your town are available, consider searching your surname in the Surname Database. Miriam Weiner has digitized many Holocaust lists and they are accessible through the Surname Database. Keep in mind that this is an ongoing project, so check back often for new information and updates.
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| ==== Additional Webstes ====
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| *'''[https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Romania/ JewishGen Romania-Moldova Database]''' contains Holocaust specific collections.
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| *[https://portal.ehri-project.eu/ '''European Holocaust Research Infrastructure Online Portal'''] offers information on Holocaust archival material held in institutions in Europe and throughout the world.
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| *[https://arolsen-archives.org/en/search-explore/search-online-archive/ '''Arolsen Archives,'''] also known as the International Center on Nazi Persecution, is one of the largest archives on the victims of Nazi persecution. Many of their holdings are available to research online.
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| *[https://yvng.yadvashem.org/index.html?language=en '''Yad Vashem Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names'''] is a database of victims of the Holocaust.
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| *'''[https://www.nizkor.org/carmelly-felicia/ The Nizkor Project]''' collects information about the Holocaust in Bessarabia, Moldova, Romania, and Transnistria.
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| *'''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/TPL_Base.asp?id=17 Holocaust in Bessarabia]''' - JewishGen Bessarabia SIG contains useful links to information about the Holocaust in Bessarabia, as well as links to area specific memorials and mass graves.
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| ==Yizkor Books==
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| Yizkor books are memorial books commemorating a Jewish community that was destroyed during the Holocaust. Books are usually published by former residents and records the remembrance of homes, people and ways of life lost during World War II. Most books are written in Yiddish or Hebrew, but in recent years, many have been translated and made available online. You may wish to refer to the [https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/yizterms.html Glossary of Yizkor Book Terms] list to help you.
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| *Take a look at the [https://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/ '''JewishGen Yizkor Book Project'''] to locate a translation or Yizkor book for your locality of interest.
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| *Also consider the '''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/RES_CollectionList.asp?dctid=8&listtype=P Bessarabia SIG Yizkor Book Translations Collection]''' to locate translations. To see the status of translations of Bessarabian Yizkor books, see the '''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/RES_ProjectList.asp?doctype=8&listtype=P Bessarabia SIG Yizkor Book Translations Project.]'''
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| *Use '''[https://genealogyindexer.org/ Genealogy Indexer]''' to find indexes to over 364 Yizkor books.
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| *The '''[https://libguides.nypl.org/yizkorbooks New York Public Library]''' has a large collection of Yizkor books, and many have been digitized.
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| *The FamilySearch Library has copies of many Yizkor books. Check the '''[https://www.familysearch.org/search/catalog FamilySearch Catalog]''' for availability for your town.
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| ==Historical Photos==
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| The [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/newwebsite/imagesearch.php '''Image Database'''] on Miriam Weiner's website contains photographs and postcard views of many towns and cities throughout Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, Lithuania, Poland, and other select countries dating back to the early 1900s. These include pre-WWI and current town views, photos of synagogues, Jewish cemeteries, and Holocaust memorials. Even if you are unable to find a picture of your ancestor's town, it may still be interesting to see what other towns in the area looked like, which will allow you to a get a feel of what life may have been like for your ancestor.
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| ==Additional Records - Finding Aids and Record Inventories==
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| Additional records such as city directories, school records, additional tax records, etc. may exist for your locality. Use some of the sources listed below to help you locate those records. Many of these records may be located in an archive. To learn more about archives in Eastern Europe, read the YIVO article, '''[https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Archives Archives]''', by Miriam Weiner.
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| ====JewishGen (indexed records)====
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| '''[https://www.jewishgen.org/databases/Romania/ The JewishGen Romania-Moldova Database]''' contains indexes of additional records including Soviet Repression records, business and commercial directories, WWI information, voter lists, and more!
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| ==== Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation ====
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| Use the '''[https://www.rtrfoundation.org/search.php Archive Database]''' to locate what records exist for your ancestor's town, and where to find them. Search for the name of your ancestor's locality, and the database will provide results for known surviving records from that location, and where the records are held. (Remember to adjust the search criteria for Soundex options or spelling variations).
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| This database contains documents such as army/recruit lists, family lists and census records, Jewish vital records (birth, marriage, death, divorce), immigration documents, voter and tax lists, property and notary records, Holocaust documents, police files, and pogrom documents, school records, occupation lists, local government and hospital records.
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| *See [http://www.rtrfoundation.org/ '''Routes to Roots Foundation'''] and '''hover over Belarus''' for a Genealogical and Family History guide to Jewish and civil records in Eastern Europe.
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| For information about the repositories referred to on Miriam Weiner's Archive Database, see the [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/webs.shtml '''Archives in Eastern Europe'''] page which includes archival contact information. Contact/visit the respective repository for details on their holdings. For instructions on contacting archives and accessing records, see Q11 on [https://www.rtrfoundation.org/archdta11.shtml#Q10 this Routes to Roots page.] For help writing in inquiry in Russian, see the [[Russia Archives and Libraries]] page.
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| ====Jewish Roots====
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| The '''[https://forum.j-roots.info/searchdb_form.php Еврейские Корни (Jewish Roots)]''' site is an excellent resource to help you locate archival documents. The website is in Russian, but if you are using the Google Chrome browser, simply right click anywhere on the page and select ''Translate to English.'' Search using the name of the town (find the Cyrillic spelling of the town on [https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/Search.asp JewishGen Town Finder]) to see what archival records might be available for your location. In addition to the database, use the '''[https://forum.j-roots.info/index.php Forum]''' to connect with other researchers and find other potential resources for your location.
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| ====Bessarabia.ru====
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| The [http://www.bessarabia.ru/5a.htm '''Sources for Genealogical Searches'''] tab at ''Bessarabia.ru'' contains information about the types of records available in archives. The site is available in English, but as you explore, consider using the '''[http://www.bessarabia.ru/velcom.htm Russian version of the site]''', as in some cases, more information is available. If you do not read Russian, use the Google Chrome browser, then simply right click anywhere on the page and select ''Translate to English.'' You may also wish to use their '''[http://bessarabia.forum24.ru/ Forum]''' to inquire about records and connect with other researchers.
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| ==Reading Records==
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| Moldovan/Bessarabian Jewish records are most commonly written in Russian or Hebrew. Use the resources in this list to help you learn how to read the records. You may also consider using a free translation service such as the [https://community.familysearch.org/s/ '''FamilySearch Community'''] (Be sure to post in the Russian Empire Genealogy Research group or tag ''@RussianEmpireGenealogyResearch'' in your question) or [https://www.jewishgen.org/viewmate/ '''JewishGen View Mate.''']
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| ====Russian====
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| *[https://127.0.0.1:8080/wiki/en/Russia_%22How_to%22_Guides The Russian Alphabet "How to" Guide]
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| *[https://127.0.0.1:8080/wiki/en/Russia_%22How_to%22_Guides Deciphering the Handwriting and Understanding the Grammar "How to" Guide]
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| *[https://127.0.0.1:8080/wiki/en/Russian_Genealogical_Word_List Russian Genealogical Word List]
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| *[https://www.familysearch.org/help/helpcenter/learning-center-search/?q=russian+handwriting&show=all FamilySearch Learning Center - Russian Handwriting Courses]
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| ====Hebrew====
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| *[https://www.jewishgen.org/infofiles/tombstones.html Reading Hebrew Tombstones]
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| *[https://njop.org/hebrew/ National Jewish Outreach Program Hebrew Resources]
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| *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wl8e0nMUHvk Hebrew Naming and How to Read Hebrew Headstones (YouTube Video)]
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| ==Additional Resources==
| | {{Template:JewishGen Family Finder}} |
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| *'''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/default.asp JewishGen Bessarabia SIG]'''
| | === The JewishGen Romania/Moldova Database === |
| *'''[https://www.jewishgen.org/bessarabia/RES_MasterIndex.asp Bessarabia SIG Names Database]'''
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| *'''[http://www.bessarabia.ru/default-a.htm Bessarabia.ru]''' | | *More than 900,000 records for Romania and Moldova, from a variety of sources, including: voter lists, census records, business directories, vital records, diplomatic records, yizkor books, and others. ''Requires free registration.'' To search, click [http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/#Romania here]. |
| *'''[https://www.jewishgen.org/Bessarabia/files/conferences/2016/MigrationToBessarabia.pdf Migration to Bessarabia/Moldova Presentation by Yefim A. Kogan.]'''
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| ==References== | | === Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation === |
| <references />
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| [[Category:Jewish Records]] | | *For ''A Genealogical and Family History guide to Jewish and civil records in Eastern Europe'', click [http://www.rtrfoundation.org/ here] and '''hover over Moldova'''. |
| | *See also the book, ''Jewish roots in Ukraine and Moldova'' by Miriam Weiner<br>FamilySearch Catalog Number 947.71 F2w 1999 |
| | </div> |
| | [[Category:Jews]] [[Category:Jewish_Research_by_Country,_Region,_and_City]] |
