Oklahoma Indigenous Peoples: Difference between revisions

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See also [[Native American Research in Oklahoma|Native American Research in Oklahoma]] and [[Oklahoma Indian Tribes|Oklahoma Indian Tribes]]  
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| link2=[[Indigenous Peoples of the United States Genealogy|Indigenous Peoples of the United States Research]]
| link3=[[Oklahoma, United States Genealogy|Oklahoma]]
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| link5=[[Indigenous Peoples of Oklahoma]]
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== Tribes and Bands of Oklahoma  ==
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|[[Image:Okterritory.png|right|400px|Okterritory]]
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=== Online Resources ===
[[Image:Okterritory.png|thumb|Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory about 1890s]]  
*[https://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/ Indian Pioneer Papers]
*[https://sites.rootsweb.com/~oknarp/ Native American Research Project]
*'''1856-1933''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=9205 Oklahoma, Historical Indian Archives Index, 1856-1933]
====Dawes Rolls====
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/native-americans/dawes/index.html Index to the Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory (Dawes)] National Archives.
*[http://www.okhistory.org/research/dawes OHS Dawes Final Rolls] Index only.
*'''1896''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=3075 Dawes Commission Index (overturned), 1896]
*'''1898-1914''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=60543 Oklahoma and Indian Territory, Dawes Census Cards for Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914] ($)
====Other Rolls====
*'''1851-1959''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=8810 Oklahoma and Indian Territory, Indian Censuses and Rolls, 1851-1959] ($), index
*'''1885-1940''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1059 U.S., Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940] ($), index
*'''1890-1893''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=3912 Wallace Roll of Cherokee Freedmen, 1890-93] ($), index
*'''1921''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=4663 Oklahoma Osage Tribe Roll, 1921] ($)
*'''1924-1929''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2398 U.S., Cherokee Baker Roll and Records, 1924-1929] ($), index
====Allotment Records====
*'''1884-1934''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=3999 Oklahoma and Indian Territory, Land Allotment Jackets for Five Civilized Tribes, 1884-1934] ($)
*'''1899-1907''' {{RecordSearch|1390101|Oklahoma, Applications for Allotment, Five Civilized Tribes, 1899-1907}} at FamilySearch- [[Oklahoma Applications for Allotment, Five Civilized Tribes - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; images
*'''1908-1927''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=60544 Oklahoma, Indian Land Allotment Sales, 1908-1927] ($)
====Applications for Enrollment====
*'''1896''' - [http://www.okhistory.org/research/applications1896 OHS 1896 Applicants for Enrollment] among the members of the Five Civilized Tribes. Index only.
*'''1898-1914''' {{RecordSearch|1852353|Oklahoma, Applications for Enrollment to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914}} at FamilySearch- [[Oklahoma, Applications for Enrollment to the Five Civilized Tribes - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images
*'''1898-1914''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=1241 U.S., Native American Enrollment Cards for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914] ($), index
====Marriage Indexes====
*'''1841-1927''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=9026 Oklahoma and Indian Territory, Marriage, Citizenship and Census Records, 1841-1927] ($)
*'''1890-1907'''' - [https://okgenweb.net/~okgarvin/kinard/chocmarriageindex.htm Choctaw Nation Marriage Index 1890-1907]
*'''1895-1907''' - [https://okgenweb.net/~okgarvin/kinard/chicmarriageindex.htm Chickasaw Nation Marriage Index 1895-1907]  


====Citizenship====
The following list of American Indians who have lived in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hodge's ''Handbook of American Indians...''<ref>Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/handbook_american_indians.htm Available online].</ref> and from Swanton's ''The Indian Tribes of North America''<ref>Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/oklahoma/index.htm Available online].</ref>. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.  
*'''1895-1914''' - [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2976 U.S., Native American Citizens and Freedmen of Five Civilized Tribes, 1895-1914] ($), index
*[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2136 U.S., Citizenship Case Files in Indian Territory, 1896-1897], index


Alabama, Apache, Apalachee, Anadarko, Arapaho, Biloxi, Caddo, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Chippewa, Camanche, Creek, Delaware, Fox, Hitchiti, Illinois, Iowa, Iroquois, Jicarilla, Kansa, Kaskaskia, Kaw, Kichai, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Koasati, Lipan, Miami, Kikasuki, Missouri, Modoc, Muklasa, Munsee, Muskhogean, Muskogee, Natchez, Nez Perce, Okmulgee, Osage, Oto, Oto-Missouri, Ottawa. Pawnee, Peoria, Piankashaw, Ponca, Potwatomi, Quajpaw, Sauk (Sac and Fox), Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee, Tawakoni, Tawehash, Tonkawa, Tuskegee, Waco, Wea, Wichita, Wyandot, Yscani, Yuchi


See also:
Oto-Missouri, Seneca-Cayuga, Cheyenne-Arapaho, Citizen Potawatomi, Eastern Shawnee, Fort Sill Indians, Kiowa-Chiricahua Bands


*[[Native American Research in Oklahoma|Native American Research in Oklahoma]]
The Oklahoma Historical Society also has identified the "American Indian Nations" within the boundaries of their state. That list is available on [http://www.okhistory.org/research/collections/ai/nations.html their web site].
*[[Oklahoma Indian Tribes|Oklahoma Indigenous Tribes]]
<br>


<div id="fsButtons"><span class="online_records_button">[[Native American Online Genealogy Records]]</span></div>
=== '''Five Civilized Tribes''' '''(Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)'''  ===
<br>
<br>


=== Tribes and Bands of Oklahoma  ===
Beginning in the 1820s, the U.S. Government began moving all tribes east of the Mississippi River to the Indian Territory in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. A series of treaties provided for the removal of almost all principal eastern tribes.


The following list of American Indians who have lived in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hodge's ''Handbook of American Indians...''<ref>Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians02hodgrich Available online].</ref> and from Swanton's ''The Indian Tribes of North America''<ref>Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/oklahoma/index.htm Available online].</ref>. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.  
The Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole (known as the Five Civilized Tribes) were among the many southeastern tribes who were removed by treaty to Indian Territory. In 1838 the Cherokees who had not already moved voluntarily were forced to move to Indian Territory. This migration became known as the “Trail of Tears.” Large parcels of land were distributed to these five tribes who became self-governing “Nations.”


[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alabama-indians.htm Alabama], [[Apache Indians|Apache]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/apalachee-indians.htm Apalachee], [[Arapaho Indians|Arapaho]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/biloxi-tribe.htm Biloxi], [[Caddo Indians|Caddo]], [[Cherokee Indians|Cherokee]], [[Cheyenne Indians|Cheyenne]], [[Chickasaw Indians|Chickasaw]], [[Comanche Indians|Comanche]], [[Creek Indians|Creek]], [[Delaware Indians|Delaware]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/fox-tribe.htm Fox], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/hitchiti-tribe.htm Hitchiti],[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/illinois-tribe.htm Illinois], [[Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma|Iowa]], [[Iroquois Confederacy|Iroquois]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/jicarilla-apache-tribe.htm Jicarilla], [[Kansa Indians|Kansa]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kichai-tribe.htm Kichai], [[Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma|Kickapoo]], [[Kiowa Indians|Kiowa]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/kiowa-apache-tribe.htm Kiowa-Apache], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/koasati-tribe.htm Koasati], Lipan, [[Miami Indians|Miami]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/mikasuki-tribe.htm Mikasuki], [http://www.nanations.com/missouri/ Missouri], [[Modoc Indians|Modoc]], Muklasa, [[Munsee Indians|Munsee]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/muskogean-indians.htm Muskhogean], [[Muscogee (Creek) Nation, Oklahoma|Muskogee]], [[Natchez Indians|Natchez]], [[Nez Perce Indians|Nez Perce]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/okmulgee-tribe.htm Okmulgee], [[Osage Indians|Osage]], [[Oto Indians|Oto]], [[Ottawa Indians|Ottawa]]. [[Pawnee Indians|Pawnee]], [[Peoria Indians|Peoria]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/piankashaw-tribe.htm Piankashaw], [[Ponca Tribe|Ponca]], [[Potawatomi Indians|Potawatomi]], [[Quapaw Indians|Quapaw]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/sauk-tribe.htm Sauk] [[Seminole Indians|Seminole]], [[Seneca Indians|Seneca]], [[Shawnee Indians|Shawnee]], [[Tawakonie Indian Tribe, Oklahoma|Tawakonie]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tawehash-tribe.htm Tawehash], [[Tonkawa Indians|Tonkawa]],[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/waco-tribe.htm Waco], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/wea-tribe.htm Wea], [[Wichita Indians|Wichita]], [[Wyandot Indians|Wyandot]], [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/topics/yscani-tribe/ Yscani], [[Yuchi Indians|Yuchi]]
White settlers moving west after the Civil War pressured the government to extinguish Indian title to lands and relocate the Indians. The alliance between the Five Civilized Tribes and the Confederacy during the Civil War also provided Congress with an excuse to realign tribal boundaries. Treaties in 1866 and later reduced the land of the Five Civilized Tribes by almost half. These created the “Unassigned Lands” in central Oklahoma that were eventually opened for land runs.  


Oto-Missouri, Seneca-Cayuga, Cheyenne-Arapaho, Citizen Potawatomi, Eastern Shawnee, Fort Sill Indians, Kiowa-Chiricahua Bands
=== '''Other Tribes'''  ===


The Oklahoma Historical Society also has identified the "American Indian Nations" within the boundaries of their state. That list is available on [http://www.okhistory.org/research/collections/ai/nations.html their web site].
Some of the western land forfeited by the Five Civilized Tribes was reserved for other tribes through later treaties. These lands in the Indian Territory were assigned to tribes such as the Kiowa, Comanche, Wichita, and Cheyenne. Other tribes were later brought in at various periods from Texas, Nebraska, California, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, and other states. As many as 65 tribes were eventually relocated to the state, including:  


Wright, Muriel Hazel. A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986. {{FSC|54671|item|disp=FS Catalog book 970.466 W934g or film 1598340 item 11}}
*Alibamu Kiowa Apache Piankashaw
*Apache Koasati Ponca
*Apalachee Lipan Potawatomi
*Arapaho Miami Quapaw
*Biloxi Mikasuki Sauk
*Caddo Missouri Seneca
*Delaware Modoc Shawnee
*Fox Muklasa Tawakoni
*Hitchiti Munsee Tawehash
*Huron Natchez Tonkawa
*Illinois Nez Percé Tuskegee
*Iowa Okmulgee Waco
*Iroquois Osage Wea
*Jicarilla Oto Wyandot
*Kansa Ottawa Yscani
*Kichai Pawnee Yuchi
*Kickapoo Peoria


==== Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) ====
== Reservations  ==


Beginning in the 1820's, the U.S. Government began moving all tribes east of the Mississippi River to the Indian Territory in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. A series of treaties provided for the removal of almost all principal eastern tribes.  
From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.  


The Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole (known as the Five Civilized Tribes) were among the many southeastern tribes who were removed by treaty to Indian Territory. In 1838 the Cherokees who had not already moved voluntarily were forced to move to Indian Territory. This migration became known as the “Trail of Tears.” Large parcels of land were distributed to these five tribes who became self-governing “Nations.”
Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.  


White settlers moving west after the Civil War pressured the government to extinguish Native American title to lands and relocate them. The alliance between the Five Civilized Tribes and the Confederacy during the Civil War also provided Congress with an excuse to realign tribal boundaries. Treaties in 1866 and later reduced the land of the Five Civilized Tribes by almost half. These created the “Unassigned Lands” in central Oklahoma that were eventually opened for land runs.
The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.
 
*'''1899-1907''' {{RecordSearch|1390101|Oklahoma Applications for Allotment, Five Civilized Tribes, 1899-1907}} at FamilySearch - [[Oklahoma Applications for Allotment, Five Civilized Tribes - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index & images
 
==== Other Tribes ====


Some of the western land forfeited by the Five Civilized Tribes was reserved for other tribes through later treaties. These lands in the Indian Territory were assigned to tribes such as the Kiowa, Comanche, Wichita, and Cheyenne. Other tribes were later brought in at various periods from Texas, Nebraska, California, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, and other states. As many as 65 tribes were eventually relocated to the state.  
The following list of reservations has been compiled from the ''National Atlas of the United States of America''<ref>National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations [http://www.nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/ok.pdf Available online.]</ref>, the ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''<ref>Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.</ref>, and other sources. Those reservations named in '''bold''' are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.<br>


*[[Absentee-Shawnee Indians|Absentee-Shawnee Tribe]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Shawnee  
*Absentee-Shawnee Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Shawnee  
*[[Alabama-Quassarte Tribal Town (Oklahoma)|Alabama Quassarte Tribal Town]]
*Alabama Quassarte Tribal Town  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/alibamu-tribe.htm Alibamu]
*Apache Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Apache  
*[[Apache Indians|Apache Tribe]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Apache  
*Caddo Tribe: Federal, under the&nbsp;jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Caddo  
*[[Caddo Indians|Caddo Tribe]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Caddo  
*Cherokee Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Thlequah Agency, Tribe: Cherokee
*[[Citizen Potawatomi Nation, Oklahoma|Citizen Potawatomi Tribe]] (OK): Federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Potawatomi  
*Cheyenne-Arapho: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Concho Agency, Tribes: Cheyenne &amp; Arapho
*[[Delaware Indians|Delaware Tribe]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Delaware  
*Chickasaw Nation: Federal, under the&nbsp;jurisdiction of Ardmore&nbsp;Agency, Tribe:Chickasaw
*[[Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma|Eastern Shawnee Tribe]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Shawnee  
*Choctaw Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Talihina Agency, Tribe Choctaw
*[[Fort Sill Apache Tribe, Oklahoma|Fort Sill Tribe]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Apache
*Citizen Potawatomi Tribe (OK): Federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Potawatomi  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/huron-tribe.htm Huron]
*Comanche Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Comanche
*[[Miami Indians|Miami Tribe]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Miami Agency, Tribe: Miami  
*Creek Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Okmulgee Agency, Tribe: Creek
*[[Thlopthlocco Tribal Town, Oklahoma|Thlopthlocco Tribal Town]]
*Delaware Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Delaware  
*[[Tonkawa Indians|Tonkawa Tribe]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Tankawa  
*Eastern Shawnee Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Shawnee  
*[http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tuskegee-tribe.htm Tuskegee]
*Fort Sill Tribe:&nbsp; Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Apache  
*[[United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma|United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee]]
*Iowa Tribe (OK): Federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Iowa
*Kaw Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Kaw
*Kickapoo Tribe (OK): under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Aggency, Tribe: Kickapoo
*Kiowa Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Kiowa
*Miami Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Miami Agency, Tribe: Miami
*Modoc Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Miami Agency, Tribe: Modoc
*'''Osage''' Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Osage Agency, Tribe: Osage
*Otoe-Missouria Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe Ote-Missouria
*Ottawa Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Ottawa
*Pawnee Tribe: Federal, uncer the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Pawnee
*Peoria Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Peoria
*Ponca Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agnency, Tribe: Ponca
*Potawatomi Reservation:
*Quapaw Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Quapaw
*Sac and Fox Tribe (OK): federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Sac and Fox
*Seminole Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Wewoka Agency, Tribe: Seminole
*Seneco-Cayuga Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Seneco-Cayuga
*Thlopthlocco Tribal Town  
*Tonkawa Tribe: Federal, underth the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Tankawa  
*United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee  
*Whichita Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Whichita
*Wyandotte Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Wyandotte<br>


=== Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs  ===
== Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs  ==


[[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.  
[[Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs|Agencies]] and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.  


The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (FamilySearch Library {{FSC|247426|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551o}}.)</ref>, Hill's ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians''<ref>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FS Library {{FSC|207428|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551g}}.)</ref>, and others.  
The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;titleno=247426&amp;disp=The+Office+of+Indian+Affairs%2C+1824%2D1%20%20&amp;columns=*,0,0 book 970.1 H551o].)</ref>, Hill's ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians''<ref>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FHL [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;titleno=207428&amp;disp=Guide+to+records+in+the+National+Archive%20%20&amp;columns=*,0,0 book 970.1 H551g].)</ref>, and others.  


*[[Anadarko Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Anadarko Agency]], P.O. Box 309, Anadarko, OK 73005  
*[[Anadarko Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Anadarko Agency]], P.O. Box 309, Anadarko, OK 73005  
*Ardmore Agency discontinued 
*Ardmore Agency  
*[[Cantonment Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Cantonment Agency]]  
*[[Cantonment Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Cantonment Agency]]  
*[[Cherokee Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Cherokee Agency]]  
*[[Cherokee Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Cherokee Agency]]  
Line 132: Line 123:
*[[Shawnee Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Shawnee Agency]], Route 5, Box 148, Shawnee, OK 74801  
*[[Shawnee Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Shawnee Agency]], Route 5, Box 148, Shawnee, OK 74801  
*Tahlequah Agency, P.O.Box 828, Tahequah, OK, 74465  
*Tahlequah Agency, P.O.Box 828, Tahequah, OK, 74465  
*[[Talihina Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Talihina Agency]], P. O. Box Drawer H, Talihina, OK 74571  
*[[Talihina Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Talihina Agency]],&nbsp;P. O. Box Drawer H, Talihina, OK 74571  
*[[Tonkawa Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Tonkawa Agency]]  
*[[Tonkawa Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Tonkawa Agency]]  
*[[Union Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Union Agency]] 1875-1880  
*[[Union Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Union Agency]] 1875-1880  
Line 139: Line 130:
*[[Wichita Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Wichita Agency]]
*[[Wichita Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Wichita Agency]]


=== Records  ===
== Indian Schools  ==
 
The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters. They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br>
 
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]
*[[American Indian Census Rolls|Census records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Correspondence]]
*[[American Indian Health Records|Health records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Reports]]
*[[American Indian School Records|School census and records]]
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]
 
The Indian Archives Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society has an extensive collection for Native American research including copies of the Dawes Rolls. Many of these records are on microfilm at the '''FamilySearch Library'''.
 
''Rolls'' of Indian Tribes in Oklahoma 1889-1891: Absentee Shawnee (Big Jim's Band), Cheyenne and Arapahoe, Iowa, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Comanche, and Apache, Otoe, Missouri, Pawnee, Ponca, Pottawatomie and Fox. by Emily Johnson FS Library film: 227281
 
''Approved Roll'' of Osage Indians in Oklahoma, 1921.  FS Library film: 989199 item 2
 
''Vital Records'' Fort Sill Apaches, 1958-1961. FS Library film: 928251 item 8
 
===Allotment Records===
 
Allotted Tribes of Oklahoma
 
•Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Delaware, Shawnee (Eastern), Miami, Modoc, Creek (Muskogee,) Osage, Ottawa (Peoria), Quapaw, Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee (Absentee), Wyandotte
•Apache of Oklahoma, Caddo, Cheyenne and Arapaho, Comanche, Fort Sill Apaches, Iowa, Kansa or Kaw, Kickapoo, Kiowa and Comanche, Otoe and Missouri, Pawnee, Ponca, Potawatomi-Citizen, Sac and Fox of Mississippi, Tonkawa, (Ponca, Oakland), Wichita
•Otoe
 
=== School Records  ===
 
*Carter Seminary, 1928-1950. FS Library film: 1205529 item 2-6
*Chilcocco Indian School 1885-1901,1944-1952 FS Library film: 1205529 items 7-13
*Eucheee Indian School lists, 1940-1947. FS Library film: 1205529 item 14
*Eufaula Indian School enrollment lists, 1942-1944, 1949-1950. FS Library film: 1205529 item 15-16
*Jones Academy 1926-1952, FS Library film: 1205530 items 3-5
*Seneca Indian School. 1943-1950. FS Library film: 1205530 items 7-8
*Sequoyah Indian School 1910-1950. FS Library film: 1205530 items 9-11, and 1205531, and 1205299 item 4
 
=== Orphanage  ===
 
The Goodland Indian Orphanage. By Sammy D. Hogue. {{FSC| 756848|item|disp=FS Library  book 970.1 H874r Vol. 1 and 2}}  [http://www.worldcat.org/title/goodland-indian-orphanage-a-story-of-christian-missions/oclc/866713044 Worldcat]
 
=== Indian Schools  ===


The Office of Indian Affairs (now the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]]) established a network of schools throughout the United States, beginning with Carlisle Indian School, established in 1879. Some of these schools were day schools, usually focusing on Indian children of a single tribe or reservation. Some were boarding schools which served Indian children from a number of tribes and reservations.  
The Office of Indian Affairs (now the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]]) established a network of schools throughout the United States, beginning with Carlisle Indian School, established in 1879. Some of these schools were day schools, usually focusing on Indian children of a single tribe or reservation. Some were boarding schools which served Indian children from a number of tribes and reservations.  


In addition, other groups such as various church denominations established schools specifically focusing on Native American children. ([[American Indian School Records|read more...]])  
In addition, other groups such as various church denominations established schools specifically focusing on American Indian children. ([[American Indian School Records|read more...]])  


The following list of Indian Schools in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (FamilySearch Library {{FSC|247426|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551o}}.)</ref>, Hill's ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians''<ref>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FS Library {{FSC|207428|title-id|disp=book 970.1 H551g}}.)</ref>, and others.  
The following list of Indian Schools in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hill's ''Office of Indian Affairs...''<ref>Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches'', Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;amp;amp;titleno=247426&amp;amp;amp;disp=The+Office+of+Indian+Affairs%2C+1824%2D1%20%20&amp;amp;amp;columns=*,0,0 book 970.1 H551o].)</ref>, Hill's ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians''<ref>Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FHL [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&amp;amp;amp;titleno=207428&amp;amp;amp;disp=Guide+to+records+in+the+National+Archive%20%20&amp;amp;amp;columns=*,0,0 book 970.1 H551g].)</ref>, and others.  


*Absentee Shawnee Boarding School 1893-1897 ([[Oklahoma Historical Society|Oklahoma Historical Society]])
*Bacone College 1916-1932 (Oklahoma Historical Society)
*Bacone College 1929-1932 under the Five Civilized Tribes Agency (National Archives at Fort Worth)
*[[Armstrong Academy (Oklahoma)|Armstrong Academy]]  
*[[Armstrong Academy (Oklahoma)|Armstrong Academy]]  
*[[Bloomfield Indian Seminary (Oklahoma)|Bloomfield Seminary]] (Bloomfield Academy also known as Carter Seminary) 1914-1929) <br>  
*[[Bloomfield Indian Seminary (Oklahoma)|Bloomfield Seminary]] <br>  
*[[Cantonment School (Oklahoma)|Cantonment School]]  
*[[Cantonment School (Oklahoma)|Cantonment School]]  
*[[Carter Seminary (Oklahoma)|Carter Seminary]]  
*[[Carter Seminary (Oklahoma)|Carter Seminary]]  
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*[[Collins Indian Institute (Oklahoma)|Collins Institute]]  
*[[Collins Indian Institute (Oklahoma)|Collins Institute]]  
*[[Concho School (Oklahoma)|Concho School]]  
*[[Concho School (Oklahoma)|Concho School]]  
*Dwight Mission 1935-1948
*[[Euchee Indian School (Oklahoma)|Euchee Boarding School]] (Family History Library has some rec)  
*El Meta Bond College 1910-1920
*[[Euchee Indian School (Oklahoma)|Euchee Boarding School]] (FamilySearch Library has some rec)  
*[[Eufaula Indian Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Eufaula Boarding School]]  
*[[Eufaula Indian Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Eufaula Boarding School]]  
*[[Eufaula Dormitory (Oklahoma)|Eufaula Dormitory]]  
*[[Eufaula Dormitory (Oklahoma)|Eufaula Dormitory]]  
*[[Fort Sill Indian School (Oklahoma)|Fort Sill School]]  
*[[Fort Sill Indian School (Oklahoma)|Fort Sill School]]  
*Genoa Indian School 1901-1932 (Oklahoma Historical Society)
*[[Jones Academy|Jones Academy]]<br>  
*[[Jones Academy|Jones Academy]] <br>  
*Jones Male Academy 1922-1952 (National Archives at Fort Worth)
*[[Kaw Indian School (Oklahoma)|Kaw School]]  
*[[Kaw Indian School (Oklahoma)|Kaw School]]  
*[[Mekusukey Academy (Oklahoma)|Mekusukey Academy]]  
*[[Mekusukey Academy (Oklahoma)|Mekusukey Academy]]  
*Miami Day School 1874-1890 under the [[Quapaw Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Quapaw Agency]] (Oklahoma Historical Society)
*Modoc Day School 1875-1901 under the Quapaw Agency ([[Oklahoma Historical Society|Oklahoma Hisotrical Society]])
*[[Nuyaka Indian School (Oklahoma)|Nuyaka School]]  
*[[Nuyaka Indian School (Oklahoma)|Nuyaka School]]  
*[[Osage Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Osage Boarding School]]  
*[[Osage Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Osage Boarding School]]  
*[[Otoe Indian School (Oklahoma)|Otoe School]] <br>  
*[[Otoe Indian School (Oklahoma)|Otoe School]] <br>  
*[[Pawnee Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Pawnee Boarding School]]
*[[Pawnee Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Pawnee Boarding School]]  
*Peoria Day School 1872-1896 under the [[Quapaw Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|Quapaw Agency ]](Oklahoma Historical Society)
*[[Ponca Indian School (Oklahoma)|Ponca School]] (transferred to Pawnee)  
*[[Ponca Indian School (Oklahoma)|Ponca School]] (transferred to Pawnee)  
*Wuapaw Boarding School 1872-1899 under the Quapaw Agency ([[Oklahoma Historical Society|Oklahoma Historical Society]])
*[[Red Moon School (Oklahoma)|Red Moon School]]  
*[[Red Moon School (Oklahoma)|Red Moon School]]  
*[[Riverside Indian School (Oklahoma)|Riverside School]]  
*[[Riverside Indian School (Oklahoma)|Riverside School]]  
*[[Sac and Fox Indian School (Oklahoma)|Sac and Fox School]]  
*[[Sac and Fox Indian School (Oklahoma)|Sac and Fox School]]  
*[[Seger School (Oklahoma)|Seger School]]  
*[[Seger School (Oklahoma)|Seger School]]  
*[[Seneca Indian School (Oklahoma)|Seneca School]]  
*[[Seneca Indian School (Oklahoma)|Seneca School]]&nbsp;
*[[Sequoyah Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Sequoyah Indian High School]]  
*[[Sequoyah Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Sequoyah Indian High School]]  
*Shawnee Boarding School 1860-1932 and 1923-1961 Oklahoma Historical Society and National Archives at Fort Worth
*Sequoyah Orphan Training School -- see Sequoyah Boarding School  
*Sequoyah Orphan Training School -- see Sequoyah Boarding School  
*Student of the States 1877-1901 [[Oklahoma Historical Society|Oklahoma Historical Society]]
*[[Tulahassee Indian Orphan Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Tulahassee Orphan Boarding School ]]  
*Sulphur Springs School 1896-1898 Oklahoma Historical Society
*[[Tuskahoma Indian Female Academy (Oklahoma)|Tuskahoma Female Academy ]]  
*[[Tulahassee Indian Orphan Boarding School (Oklahoma)|Tulahassee Orphan Boarding School]]  
*[[Wheelock Academy (Oklahoma)|Wheelock Academy]]
*Tuskahoma Institute  1923-1926 under the [[Five Civilized Tribes Indian Agency (Oklahoma)|FIve Civilized Tribes Agency]] (Oklahoma Historical Society)
*[[Tuskahoma Indian Female Academy (Oklahoma)|Tuskahoma Female Academy]]  
*[[Wheelock Academy (Oklahoma)|Wheelock Academy]]
*White's Institute 1886--1901 Oklahoma Historical Society
*Yellow Springs School 1896-1905 [[Oklahoma Historical Society|Oklahoma Historical Society]]


=== Indian Health Facilities  ===
== Indian Health Facilities  ==


*[[Choctaw and Chickasaw Hospital (Oklahoma)|Choctaw and Chickasaw Hospital]]  
*[[Choctaw and Chickasaw Hospital (Oklahoma)|Choctaw and Chickasaw Hospital]]  
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*[[Shawnee Indian Sanatorium (Oklahoma)|Shawnee Sanatorium]]
*[[Shawnee Indian Sanatorium (Oklahoma)|Shawnee Sanatorium]]


=== Land Allotment Records ===
== Records ==


{{Main|American Indian Allotment Records}}
=== '''Land allotment records'''  ===


Many Indians received allotments of land. These records are described in the United States Research Outline (30972).  
Many Indians received allotments of land. These records are described in the United States Research Outline (30972). A major set relating to Oklahoma is the land allotment records of the Five Civilized Tribes. These records are often referred to as the “Dawes Rolls”.  


=== Dawes Rolls ===
=== '''Dawes Rolls'''  ===


{{Main|Dawes Commission Enrollment Records}}
The Dawes “Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes” was established in 1898 to enroll individuals as citizens of one of the five tribes. When the governments of the Five Civilized Tribes were dissolved in 1908, the U.S. Government granted parcels of their land to qualified native individuals.  
 
The Dawes “Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes” ([[Cherokee Indians|Cherokee]], [[Chickasaw Indians|Chickasaw]], [[Choctaw Indians|Choctaw]], [[Creek Indians|Creek]] and [[Seminole Indians|Seminole]]) was established in 1898 to enroll individuals as citizens of one of the five tribes. When the governments of the Five Civilized Tribes were dissolved in 1908, the U.S. Government granted parcels of their land to qualified native individuals.  


Many white persons had married Native Americans, and thus were eligible for land. The enrollment records of the Dawes Commission were used to determine eligibility for land.  
Many white persons had married Native Americans, and thus were eligible for land. The enrollment records of the Dawes Commission were used to determine eligibility for land.  


The commission reviewed the enrollment applications and abstracted the information onto cards known as Enrollment Cards for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914. {{FSC|499091|title-id|disp=(On 93 FS Library films beginning with 1490261.)}} These records document about 101,000 Native Americans. The original applications are at the [[National Archives Southwest Region (Ft. Worth)]] and are on 468 FS Library films, Applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914, beginning with {{FSC|361915|title-id|disp=FS Library film 1439798.}}
The commission reviewed the enrollment applications and abstracted the information onto cards known as Enrollment Cards for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914. [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=499091&disp=Enrollment+cards+for+the+five+civilized+%20%20&columns=*,0,0 (On 93 Family History Library films beginning with 1490261.)] These records document about 101,000 Native Americans. The original applications are at the National Archives—Southwest Region and are on 468 Family History Library films, Applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914, beginning with [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=361915&disp=Applications+for+enrollment+of+the+Commi%20%20&columns=*,0,0 Family History Library film 1439798.]


You can search the [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/finalrolls/ Dawes Roll] for names of persons.  
You can search the [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/finalrolls/ Dawes Roll] for names of persons.  


A helpful guide and index to these records is ''Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, The Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory.''2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, [1907?]. {{FSC|51749|title-id|disp=(FS Library film 908371 item 2.)}} {{FSC|822882|title-id|disp=(Index is on film 962366.)}}
A helpful guide and index to these records is ''Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, The Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory.''2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, [1907?].&nbsp;[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=51749&disp=The+final+rolls+of+citizens+and+freedmen%20%20&columns=*,0,0 (Family History Library film 908371 item 2.)]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=822882&disp=The+index+of+citizens+and+freedmen+of+th%20%20&columns=*,0,0 (Index is&nbsp;on film 962366.)]
 
=== Guion Miller Cherokee Rolls ===


{{Main|Eastern Cherokee or Guion Miller Roll}}
=== '''Guion Miller Cherokee Rolls'''  ===


In 1906, the U.S. Government appointed Guion Miller to compile a roll of Cherokees eligible for compensation from the government for lands taken in the 1830s. Applicants had to document their lineage back to an Eastern Cherokee living in the 1830s and prove that they had not affiliated with any other tribe. Over 45,000 applications that document about 90,000 Cherokees living about 1910 are in Eastern Cherokee Applications, 1906-1909 {{FSC|209173|title-id|disp=(On 348 FS Library films beginning with 378594; film 378594 has an index.)}}
In 1906, the U.S. Government appointed Guion Miller to compile a roll of Cherokees eligible for compensation from the government for lands taken in the 1830s. Applicants had to document their lineage back to an Eastern Cherokee living in the 1830s and prove that they had not affiliated with any other tribe. Over 45,000 applications that document about 90,000 Cherokees living about 1910 are in Eastern Cherokee Applications, 1906-1909 [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=209173&disp=Eastern+Cherokee+applications%2C+August+%20%20&columns=*,0,0 (On 348 Family History Library films beginning with 378594; film 378594 has an index.)]


These rolls can be searched online at http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/native-americans-guion-miller.html  
These rolls can be searched online at http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/native-americans-guion-miller.html  


=== Doris Duke Oral History Project  ===
=== '''Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Records''' ===
 
From 1966 to 1972, several universities conducted oral history interviews with Native Americans. The project was funded by Doris Duke, heiress of the Duke tobacco family. The University of Oklahoma was one of the universities that participated in the project. [http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/duke/ Transcripts] of those interviews are online through the University of Oklahoma in Norman. See [[American Indian Oral Histories|Oral Histories]]
 
=== Indian Pioneer Papers  ===
 
"My mother, Carolina Jones, was born in the state of Tennessee and is buried there. My grandmother on my mother's side, Nancy Jones, was born in the state of Mississippi and is buried in White County, Tennessee. I was born April 3, 1849, at Stagestand, White County, Tennessee... "<ref>University of Oklahoma Libraries Western History Collection ''Interview with William Perry Earles of Ringling, Oklahoma.'' University of Oklahoma, 1938. Interviewer: Ethel V. Elder. Interviewee: William Perry Earles (ID - 10654)</ref>
 
This paragraph begins a fourteen page interview of William Perry Earles of Ringling, Oklahoma, 1938, as part of a project called [http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/ The Indian-Pioneer Papers ]. In 1936, the Oklahoma Historical Society and University of Oklahoma requested a writer's project grant from the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in which interviews would be conducted with early settlers in Oklahoma who had lived on Indian land. More than 100 writers conducted over 11,000 interviews and were asked to "call upon early settlers and (record) the story of the migration to Oklahoma and their early life here."<ref name="null">A.M. Gibson, ed., The West Wind Blows: The Autobiography of Edward Everett Dale (Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1984), 346-347; Grant Foreman, "The Oklahoma Historical Society," pamphlet, Vertical Files, Library Resources Division, Oklahoma Historical Society (hereafter cited as OHS LRD); "Indian-Pioneer History Project, W.P.A. 131," The Chronicles of Oklahoma, 37 (Winter, 1959-60), 507-509. As reported on okhistory.org/battlecry.html</ref>
 
The [http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/ University of Oklahoma Western History Collection] has digitized the Indian Pioneer Papers which consists of approximately 80,000 indexed entries arranged alphabetically by personal name, place name, or subject. <ref>The University of Oklahoma Western History Collections http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/pioneer/</ref> An index to the Indian Pioneer Papers may also be found at [http://www.okgenweb.net/pioneer/ OkGenWeb Oklahoma Genealogy.] To view a separate index of the “Indians in the Indian Pioneer Papers” click [http://goodoowah.50megs.com/indpio/ here.]
 
The Collection may also be viewed at the FamilySearch Library. "Indian Pioneer Papers, 1860 - 1935" (Millwood, New York: Kraus Microform, 1989) {{FSC|6016865}}-6016981
 
=== Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Records  ===


The U.S. [[Bureau of Indian Affairs|Bureau of Indian Affairs]] (BIA) was authorized to administer Indian programs beginning in 1824. A local field agency or subagency of the BIA served the tribes in a given area. Some of the agencies that served Oklahoma were the Concho, Kiowa, Osage, Pawnee, Quapaw, and Shawnee. Most of the agency records are at the [[National Archives Southwest Region (Ft. Worth)]], with a few at the [http://www.archives.gov/central-plains/kansas-city/ National Archives—Central Plains Region]. For further information see Edward E. Hill, comp., ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians.'' Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1981. {{FSC|207428|title-id|disp=(FS Library fiche 6125461.)}}
The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was authorized to administer Indian programs beginning in 1824. A local field agency or subagency of the BIA served the tribes in a given area. Some of the agencies that served Oklahoma were the Concho, Kiowa, Osage, Pawnee, Quapaw, and Shawnee. Most of the agency records are at the [http://www.archives.gov/southwest/ National Archives—Southwest Region], with a few at the [http://www.archives.gov/central-plains/kansas-city/ National Archives—Central Plains Region]. For further information see Edward E. Hill, comp., ''Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians.'' Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1981. [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=207428&disp=Guide+to+records+in+the+National+Archive%20%20&columns=*,0,0 (Family History Library fiche 6125461.)]


The FamilySearch Library has microfilm copies of many records of the BIA and the field agencies including:  
The Family History Library has microfilm copies of many records of the BIA and the field agencies including:  


*Land allotment records.  
*Land allotment records.  
*Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940, arranged by agencies for the entire United States {{FSC|573847|film|disp=(On 692 Family Histroy Library films beginning with 573847).}}
*Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940, arranged by agencies for the entire United States [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=filmhitlist&columns=*%2C0%2C0&filmno=573847 (On 692 Family Histroy Library films beginning with 573847).]
*BIA heirship, school, census, annuity, probate, land, vital, and other records.
*BIA heirship, school, census, annuity, probate, land, vital, and other records.


=== Reservations ===
=== '''Other Records''' ===


From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the Native Americans was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.  
The Indian Archives Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society has an extensive collection for Native American research including copies of the Dawes Rolls. Many of these records are on microfilm at the'''Family History Library'''.  


Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.
== Family History Library  ==


The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.
These are listed in the Family History Library Catalog under Oklahoma Historical Society. Indian Archives Division. The Society's collections are described in Lawrence Kelly, “Indian Records in the Oklahoma Historical Society Archives,” ''The Chronicles of Oklahoma,'' 54: 227-44 [Oklahoma Periodicals].  
 
For a current reservation map, see [https://www.doi.gov/sites/doi.gov/files/uploads/12_bia_regions.pdf Map of Indian Lands in the United States], U.S. Department of the Interior.
 
The following list of reservations has been compiled from the ''National Atlas of the United States of America''<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/79654043/ National Atlas of the United States, 1970], Federal Lands and Indian Reservations.</ref>, the ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''<ref>Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.</ref>, and other sources. Those reservations named in '''bold''' are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.<br>
 
*[[Absentee Shawnee Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Absentee-Shawnee Reservation]]
*[[Apache Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Apache Reservation]]
*[[Caddo Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Caddo Reservation]]
*[[Cherokee Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Cherokee Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Thlequah Agency, Tribe: Cherokee
*[[Cheyenne and Arapaho Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Cheyenne-Arapho Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Concho Agency, Tribes: Cheyenne &amp; Arapho
*[[Chickasaw Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Chickasaw Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Ardmore Agency, Tribe:Chickasaw
*[[Choctaw Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Choctaw Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Talihina Agency, Tribe Choctaw
*[[Kiowa and Comanche Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Comanche Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Comanche
*[[Creek Indians|Creek Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Okmulgee Agency, Tribe: Creek
*[[Iowa Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Iowa Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Iowa
*[[Kansa Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Kansa (or Kaw) Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Kaw
*[[Kickapoo Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Kickapoo Reservation]]: under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Aggency, Tribe: Kickapoo
*[[Kiowa and Comanche Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Kiowa Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Kiowa
*[[Modoc Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Modoc Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Miami Agency, Tribe: Modoc
*[[Osage Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|'''Osage''' Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Osage Agency, Tribe: Osage
*[[Oto Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Oto Reservation]]:*Otoe-Missouria Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe Ote-Missouria
*[[Ottawa Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Ottawa Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Ottawa
*[[Pawnee Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Pawnee Reservation]]: Federal, uncer the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Pawnee
*[[Pawnee Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Peoria Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Peoria
*[[Ponca Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Ponca Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agnency, Tribe: Ponca
*[[Potawatomi Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Potawatomi Reservation]]:
*[[Quapaw Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Quapaw Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Quapaw
*[[Sac and Fox Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Sac and Fox Reservation]]: federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Sac and Fox
*[[Seminole Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Seminole Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Wewoka Agency, Tribe: Seminole
*[[Seneca Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Seneca Reservation]]:*Seneca-Cayuga Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Seneco-Cayuga
*[[Wichita Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Wichita Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Wichita
*[[Wyandot Indian Reservation (Oklahoma)|Wyandot Reservation]]: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Wyandot<br>
 
=== FamilySearch Library  ===
 
These are listed in the FamilySearch Catalog under Oklahoma Historical Society. Indian Archives Division. The Society's collections are described in Lawrence Kelly, “Indian Records in the Oklahoma Historical Society Archives,” ''The Chronicles of Oklahoma,'' 54: 227-44 [Oklahoma Periodicals].  


Another major repository for Oklahoma Indian records is:  
Another major repository for Oklahoma Indian records is:  
Line 346: Line 223:
Five Civilized Tribes Museum<br>Federal Building <br>Agency Hill<br>Honor Heights Drive<br>Muskogee, OK 74401<br>Telephone: 918-683-1701<br>Fax: 918-683-3070<br>Internet: [http://www.fivetribes.org/ www.fivetribes.org]  
Five Civilized Tribes Museum<br>Federal Building <br>Agency Hill<br>Honor Heights Drive<br>Muskogee, OK 74401<br>Telephone: 918-683-1701<br>Fax: 918-683-3070<br>Internet: [http://www.fivetribes.org/ www.fivetribes.org]  


*Oklahoma Historical Society - Indian Archive Division Cherokee 129 films {{FSC|529945|title-id|disp=FamilySearch Library 1st film 1666294}}, Chickasaw 31 films 1st film 1666136, Choctaw 90 films 1st film 1666451, Creek 51 films FamilySearch Library 1st film 1666121, and Seminole 6 films 1st film 1666130  
*Oklahoma Historical Society - Indain Archive Division Cherokee&nbsp; 129 films [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=529945&disp=Cherokee+Nation%20%20&columns=*,0,0 Family History&nbsp;Library &nbsp;1st film 1666294], Chickasaw 31 films 1st film 1666136, Choctaw 90 films&nbsp; 1st film 1666451, Creek 51 films Family History Library1st film 1666121, and Seminole 6 films 1st film 1666130  
*Dawes Commission Rolls - Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes (cards, Index M1186 and Applicaiton M1301)  
*Dawes Commission Rolls - Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes (cards, Index M1186&nbsp;and Applicaiton M1301)&nbsp;
*Guion Miller Rolls (M1104)  
*Guion Miller Rolls (M1104)  
*Central Superintendency 108 films M856 {{FSC|589935|title-id|disp=FamilySearch Library 1st film 1602893}}
*Central Superintendency 108 films M856 [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=589935&disp=Records+of+the+Central+Superintendency+o%20%20&columns=*,0,0 Family History Library 1st film 1602893]
*Southern Superintendency 22 films M640 {{FSC|589948|title-id|disp=FamilySearch Library 1st film 1602871}}
*Southern Superintendency 22 films M640 [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=589948&disp=Records+of+the+Southern+Superintendency+%20%20&columns=*,0,0 Family History Library 1st film 1602871]
*Muskogee Area Office 12 films {{FSC|237236|title-id|disp=FamilySearch Library 1st film 1205785}}
*Muskogee Area Office 12 films [http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=237236&disp=Agency+records%2C+1883%2D1945%20%20&columns=*,0,0 Family History Library 1st film 1205785]
*Indian Pioneer Papers 1860-1935 1012 fiches {{FSC|505140|title-id|disp=FamilySearch Library 1st fiche 6016865}}
*Indian Pioneer Papers 1860-1935 1012 fiches&nbsp;[http://www.familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titledetails&titleno=505140&disp=Indian+pioneer+papers%2C+1860%2D1935%20%20&columns=*,0,0 Family History Library&nbsp;1st fiche 6016865]


See also FamilySearch Catalog [https://familysearch.org/eng/library/fhlcatalog/supermainframeset.asp?display=titlehitlist&columns=*%2C0%2C0&keyword=Oklahoma+Native+Races&prekeyword=Oklahoma+Native+Races Oklahoma Natvie Races] for over 600 titles of interest
=== '''Inventories and guides''' ===
 
=== Inventories and Guides ===


The following guides describe some of the records available for Indian research:  
The following guides describe some of the records available for Indian research:  


*Debo, Angie. “Major Indian Record Collections in Oklahoma,” in ''Indian-White Relations: A Persistent Paradox'', edited by Jane Smith and Robert Kvasnicka. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1976.  
*Debo, Angie. “Major Indian Record Collections in Oklahoma,” in ''Indian-White Relations: A Persistent Paradox'', edited by Jane Smith and Robert Kvasnicka. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1976.  
*Svoboda, Joseph G. ''Guide to American Indian Resource Materials in Great Plains Repositories.'' Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Center for Great Plains Studies, 1983.
*Svoboda, Joseph G. ''Guide to American Indian Resource Materials in Great Plains Repositories.'' Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Center for Great Plains Studies, 1983.&nbsp;


{{reflist}}
== Doris Duke Oral History Project  ==


=== Other Repositories  ===
In the mid-1900s, several universities conducted oral history interviews with Native Americans. The project was funded by Doris Duke, heiress of the Duke tobacco family. The University of Oklahoma was one of the universities that participated in the project. [http://digital.libraries.ou.edu/whc/duke/ Transcripts] of those interviews are online through the University of Oklahoma in Norman.


*Oklahoma Historical Society, 800 Nazih Zudih Drive, Oklahoma City, OK 73105  
== Other Repositories  ==
 
*Oklahoma Historical Society, 2100 North Lincoln Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73105  
*Five Civilized Tribes Agency, Federal Building, Muskogee, Oklahoma 73022
*Five Civilized Tribes Agency, Federal Building, Muskogee, Oklahoma 73022


=== See Also  ===
== See Also  ==


[[Oklahoma Church Records|Oklahoma Church]] for a list of missions  
[[Oklahoma Church Records|Oklahoma Church]] for a list of missions  
Line 378: Line 255:
[[Oklahoma Military Records|Oklahoma Military]] for a list of forts  
[[Oklahoma Military Records|Oklahoma Military]] for a list of forts  


=== References  ===
== References  ==


<references />  
<references />  


=== Bibliography  ===
==== Bibliography  ====
''The following resources will aid in Native American research. [http://www.odl.state.ok.us/usinfo/pubs/ghost_dance.pdf American Indian Materials - Federal Depository Libraries of Oklahoma (PDF).] The FamilySearch Library (FS Library) has a large collection of additional books and films on Native American research at [https://www.familysearch.org/ www.familysearch.org:] ''
 
*"Accompanying Pamphlet for Microcopy 1011", National Archives Microfilm Publications, Appendix.  
*"Accompanying Pamphlet for Microcopy 1011", National Archives Microfilm Publications, Appendix.  
*Alderman, Pat. ''Nancy Ward: Cherokee Chieftainess'' and ''Dragging Canoe: Cherokee- Chickamauga War Chief''. Johnson City, Tennessee: The Overmountain Press. (FS Library book 921.73 W215a includes index.)
*''American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications''. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.  
*''American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications''. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.  
*Armstrong, K.M. and Curry, Bob. ''Chickasaw Rolls: Annuity Rolls of 1857-1860 and the "1855" Chickasaw District Roll of 1856.''As reported by Guion Miller, Special Commissioner. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books Inc. 1995. (FS Library book 970.3 C432a.)
*Ashton, Sharon Standifer, compiler. ''Indians and Intruders, Vol II.'' Norman, Oklahoma: Ashton Books, 1997. (FS Library book 970.3 C424as; fiche 6002360-61.)
*Blankenship, Bob. ''Dawes Roll "Plus" of Cherokee Nation 1898.''Cherokee, North Carolina: Cherokee Roots, 1994. (FS Library book 970.1 B611d.)
*Blankenship, Bob. ''Guion Miller Roll "Plus".'' Cherokee, North Carolina: Cherokee Roots, 1994. (FS Library book 970.3 C424gmr.)
*Bolt, Helen Deister, compiler. ''Kiowa Agency Mission Schools of OK 1881-1914.'' Lawton, Oklahoma: Southwest Oklahoma Genealogical Society, n.d. (FS Library book 970.3 K627bh; film 1697271 Item 1.)
*Chase, Marybelle W., compiler. ''1842 Cherokee Claims, Tahlequah District''. Tulsa, Oklahoma: M. W. Chase, 1989. (FS Library book 970.3 C424cm; fiche 6117898.)
*Corry, Ruth, editor. ''The Georgia Genealogical Society Indian Issue 1968.''Georgia:''''Georgia Genealogical Society, 1968. Internet: http://www.gagensociety.org/'''
*Corwin, Hugh D. ''The Kiowa Indians: Their History and Life Stories.'' Lawton, Oklahoma: privately printed, 1958. (FS Library book 970.3 K627c.)
*Cottrell, Janet, compiler. ''Choctaw Rolls copied from "Index To The Final Rolls and Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory."'' Microfilm at the Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Internet: http://www.okhistory.org/
*Cox, Brent Yanusdi. ''Heart Of The Eagle: Dragging Canoe And The Emergence Of The Chickamauga'' ''Confederacy.'' Milan, Tennessee: Chenanee Publishers, 1996. (FS Library book 970.3 C424cba.)
*Debo, Angie. ''And Still The Waters Run''. Reprint of original published 1972. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1984. (FS Library book 970.1 D351a.)
*Delaware County Cemetery Readers. ''Cemeteries and Burial Places of Delaware County, Oklahoma.''vols 1, 2, 3, 4 &amp; index to series. Wyandotte, Oklahoma: Gregath Publishing Company, 1995-1995-1996-1997. (FS Library book 976.691 V38c - 4 vols.) Note: Delaware County was in the former Delaware District of the Cherokee nation and the Cherokees who came over the Trail of Tears established nearly all the cemeteries and burial places in this series.
*DuPriest, Maude Ward; Bard, Jennie May; and Graham, Anna Foreman. ''Cherokee Recollections: The Story of the Indian Woman’s Pocahontas Club and Its Members in the Cherokee Nation and Oklahoma Beginning In 1899.''Stillwater, Oklahoma: Thales Microuniversity Press, 1976.
*Featherston, Shelley C., editor. "American Indian Genealogy: Selected Sources On The Eastern Cherokee." ''Prologue'', vol 14 no 4, (Winter 1982).
*Foreman, Grant. ''The Five Civilized Tribes.'' Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974''.'' (FS Library book 970.1 F761f; fiche 6048126.)
*Foreman, Grant. ''The Five Civilized Tribes: A Brief History and A Century of Progress. ''Muskogee, Oklahoma: published by Carolyn Thomas Foreman, Press of Hoffman Printing Co, 1966.''''Originally published by Indian Centennial Board, 1948. (FS Library book 970.1 F761fc.)'''
*Gannett, Henry. ''Gazateer of Indian Territory 1905.'' Facsimile reprint, published by Tulsa, Oklahoma: Oklahoma Yesterday Publications, 1980. (FS Library book 970.1 E2g.)
*Gibson, Arrell M. ''The Chickasaws.'' Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1971. (FS Library book 970.3 C432g.)
*Glenn, Jordan H. and Holm, Thomas M, editors. ''Indian Leaders: Oklahoma’s First Statesmen.'' Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1979. (FS Library book 976.6 D3j.)
*Gross, Kristi Lake, compiler. ''Cherokee Research Checklist.'' Tulsa, Oklahoma: privately printed, 1989. (FS Library book 970.3 C424gk.)
Hampton, David Keith. ''Descendants of Nancy Ward: A Workbook For Further Research.'' Cane Hill, Arkansas: ARC Press of Cane Hill, 1997. (FS Library book 929.273 W215h; film 982212 Item 7.)
*Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.  
*Hill, Edward E. (comp.). ''Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.  
*Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches''. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.  
*Hill, Edward E. ''The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches''. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.  
*''Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880''. National Archives Microcopy T1105.
*''Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880''. National Archives Microcopy T1105.  
Huffman, Mary, compiler. ''The Five Civilized Tribes: A Bibliography of the Collection In The Oklahoma Historical Society.'' Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society,''''1996, revised. (FS Library book 970.1 A1 No. 165.)'''
*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/handbook_american_indians.htm Available online].  
*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. [https://archive.org/details/handbookamindians02hodgrich Available online].
*Inman, Jeannie. ''Seven Cemeteries 1999, Index and Map.'' Delaware, Oklahoma: privately printed, 1999. Note: Includes the Bratcher and Armstrong-Journeycake cemeteries which are the oldest in city of Nowara, OK. They date back to early 1870’s. Principle Chief of the Delaware Tribe was Charles Journeycake.  
*Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.  
*Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. ''Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America''. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.  
*Konawa Genealogical Society. ''1900 Indian Territory Creek Muscogee Nation.'' Konawa, Oklahoma: Konawa Oklahoma Genealogical Society, no date. Internet: http://marti.rootsweb.com/Konawa/
*National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations [http://www.nationalatlas.gov/printable/images/pdf/fedlands/ok.pdf Available online.]
*Laub, Nancy L. and Miller, Jean LaR, compilers. ''North American Indian Tribes Excluding Five Civilized Tribes: A Bibliography of the Collections In the Oklahoma Historical Society.'' Oklahoma City: Oklahoma Historical Society, 1994. (FS Library book 976.6 A3hm.)
*LeMaster, Arlene, transcriber. ''Eastern Oklahoma Indians and Pioneers: Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory'', ''vol 1.'' Poteau, Oklahoma: Family Heritage Resources, 1992. (976.6 H2La - 3 Vols.)
*Mason, Alma Burke. ''1896 Census, Tobucksy County, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory.'' Copied from Microfilm Roll CTN-4. McAlester, Oklahoma: Pittsburg County Oklahoma Genealogical &amp; Historical Society, no date. (FS Library book 970.3 C451ma.)
*Massey, Lynda and Nash, Clara. ''Marriages Southern District Oklahoma, Indian Territory, Book 1 1897-1901, vol 1.'' McAlester, Oklahoma: Pittsburg County Genealogical &amp; Historical Society, 1980. (FS Library book 976.61 V2m; film 1320976 Item 8.)
*Matthews, John Joseph. ''The Osages: Children of the Middle Waters.'' Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1961. (FS Library book 970.3 Os1m.)
*McKim, Sandra. ''Whites In Skullyville County, Choctaw Nation: Permit Register 1889-February 19, 1905; Choctaw Vol 222.'' Bowie, MD: Heritage Press, 1995. (FS Library 976.679/S1 R2m.)
*Mooney, Thomas G. ''Exploring Your Cherokee Ancestry: A Basic Genealogical Research Guide.'' 4th printing, Tahlequah, Oklahoma: Cherokee National Historical Society, Inc., 1992. (FS Library 970.3 C424mt; film 1697368 Item 5.)
*Morris, Jack W; Goins, Charles R; and McReynolds, Edwin C. ''Historical Atlas of Oklahoma.'' 2nd ed.; Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1976. (FS Library book 976.6 E3m.)
*[https://www.loc.gov/item/79654043/ National Atlas of the United States, 1970], Federal Lands and Indian Reservations.  
*Newman, Tillie Karns. ''The Black Dog Trail.'' Boston: The Christopher House, 1957.
*Nix, Dorothy J., compiler. ''Cherokee Nation Marriages 1869-1898 in the CooWeeScooWee &  Delaware Districts''. Vinita, Oklahoma: Craig County Genealogical Society, 1994. (FS Library book 976.698 V22m.)
*Nix, Dorothy J., compiler. ''Cherokee Nation Marriages 2 Jul 1902-15 May 1903.'' Vinita, Oklahoma: Craig County Genealogical Society, 1996. (FS Library book 970.3 C424nd - 7 Vols.)
*''Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~texlance/records/bia(dc)intro.htm Available online]  
*''Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs''. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~texlance/records/bia(dc)intro.htm Available online]  
*Rose, Helen York. ''I Walked The Footsteps of My Fathers.'' Ozark, Missouri: Dogwood Printing, 1989. (FS Library book 929.273 Y82r; film 1697594 Item 3.)
*Schofield, Constance A. ''1890 Indian Census of the Cherokee Nation: Cooweescoowee District, Delaware District, Saline District''. Bluejacket, Oklahoma: no publisher, 1998. (FS Library book 970.3 C424sc.)
*Shadburn, Don L. ''Unhallowed Intrusion: A History of Cherokee Families In Forsyth County, Georgia.'' Alpharetta, Georgia: WH Wolfe Associates, 1993. (FS Library book 970.3 C424su; film 1698069 Item 5.) Note: Many of these families, or their descendants, came to Indian Territory.
*Starr, Emmet. ''Old Cherokee Families'' (from "History of the Cherokee Indians and Their Legends and Folk Lore" 1952, pp 303-476, chapters xiv through xix) with Index by J.J. Hill. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Foundation, 1968. (FS Library book 970.3 C424ste; film 2067 Item 1.)
*Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/oklahoma/index.htm Available online].
*Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/oklahoma/index.htm Available online].
*Tyner, James W. and Timmons, Alice Tyner. ''Our People and Where They Rest.'' Norman, Oklahoma: American Indian Institute, 1969-1973. (FS Library book 976.6 V3t - 12 Vols Indexed.)
*United States Dept. of Interior. ''Comprehensive Management and Use Plan Trail of Tears National Historic Trail.'' 1992
*United States Dept. of Interior. ''Comprehensive Management and Use Plan Trail of Tears National Historic Trail - Map Supplement.'' 1992.
*American Indians: A Select Catalog of National
*''Archives Microfilm Publications.''Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1984. (FS Library book 970.1 Un3a; fiche 6125472.)
*Valley, Dorris &amp; Lembcke, Mary M. ''The Peorias: A History of the Peoria Indian Tribe of Oklahoma.'' Miami, Oklahoma: The Peoria Indian Tribe of Oklahoma, 1991. (FS Library book 970.3 P39p.)
*Wagner, Rosalie, compiler. ''Cherokee Nation 1890 Census: Index of Persons Living Under Permit'' ''In The Coo-Wee-Scoo-Wee and Delaware Districts.''Vinita, Oklahoma: NE Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1986. (FS Library book 970.3 C424wro.)
*Watson, Irwin Anderson. ''Old Wetumka Creek Indian Mission 1880-1910.'' Tulsa, Oklahoma: Ms. J Travis Watson,1972.
*Weaver, Orpha Jewell. ''Probate Records 1892-1904 Northern District Cherokee Nation.'' Vinita, Oklahoma: NE Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1982. (FS Library book 970.1 W54p.)
*Weaver, Orpha Jewell. ''Probate Records 1904-1908 Northern District Cherokee Nation.'' Vinita, Oklahoma: NE Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1983.
*Wilson, Charles Banks, compiler. ''Indians of Eastern Oklahoma Including Quapaw Agency Indians 1947-1945.'' Afton, Oklahoma: Buffalo Publishing Company, no date. (FS Library book 970.1 W692.)
*Wilson, Terry P. "Osage Indian Women During A Century of Change, 1870-1980." ''Prologue'', Vol. 14 No. 4 (Winter 1982).
*Wise, Donald. ''Way Down Yonder In The Indian Territory.'' 2000. Broken Arrow, Oklahoma: privately published, no date.
*Witcher, Curt B. and Nixon, George J. "Tracking Native American Family History, In. ''The Source: A Guidebook of American Genealogy.'' Arlene Eakle and Johni Cerny, editors. Salt Lake City: Ancestry, 1984.
*Woodard, Dixie Bogle, compiler. ''Cherokee Nation Births and Deaths 1884-1901, abstracted from Indian Chieftain.'' No place: Craig County Oklahoma Genealogical Society, 1980.
*Woodward, Grace Steele. ''The Cherokees.'' Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1963.
=== Websites ===
*[http://www.felihkatubbe.com/ChoctawNation/index.html Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory ]<br>
{{Native American nav}} {{Oklahoma|Oklahoma}}


[[Category:Indigenous Tribes of Oklahoma]] [[Category:Indigenous Tribes of the United States]]
[[Category:Oklahoma]] [[Category:Indians_of_the_United_States]]
[[Category:Oklahoma Cultural Groups]]

Revision as of 16:10, 18 May 2009

See also Native American Research in Oklahoma and Oklahoma Indian Tribes

Tribes and Bands of Oklahoma[edit | edit source]

Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory about 1890s

The following list of American Indians who have lived in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hodge's Handbook of American Indians...[1] and from Swanton's The Indian Tribes of North America[2]. Some may simply be variant spellings for the same tribe.

Alabama, Apache, Apalachee, Anadarko, Arapaho, Biloxi, Caddo, Cherokee, Cheyenne, Chickasaw, Chippewa, Camanche, Creek, Delaware, Fox, Hitchiti, Illinois, Iowa, Iroquois, Jicarilla, Kansa, Kaskaskia, Kaw, Kichai, Kickapoo, Kiowa, Kiowa-Apache, Koasati, Lipan, Miami, Kikasuki, Missouri, Modoc, Muklasa, Munsee, Muskhogean, Muskogee, Natchez, Nez Perce, Okmulgee, Osage, Oto, Oto-Missouri, Ottawa. Pawnee, Peoria, Piankashaw, Ponca, Potwatomi, Quajpaw, Sauk (Sac and Fox), Seminole, Seneca, Shawnee, Tawakoni, Tawehash, Tonkawa, Tuskegee, Waco, Wea, Wichita, Wyandot, Yscani, Yuchi

Oto-Missouri, Seneca-Cayuga, Cheyenne-Arapaho, Citizen Potawatomi, Eastern Shawnee, Fort Sill Indians, Kiowa-Chiricahua Bands

The Oklahoma Historical Society also has identified the "American Indian Nations" within the boundaries of their state. That list is available on their web site.

Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole)[edit | edit source]

Beginning in the 1820s, the U.S. Government began moving all tribes east of the Mississippi River to the Indian Territory in western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma. A series of treaties provided for the removal of almost all principal eastern tribes.

The Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole (known as the Five Civilized Tribes) were among the many southeastern tribes who were removed by treaty to Indian Territory. In 1838 the Cherokees who had not already moved voluntarily were forced to move to Indian Territory. This migration became known as the “Trail of Tears.” Large parcels of land were distributed to these five tribes who became self-governing “Nations.”

White settlers moving west after the Civil War pressured the government to extinguish Indian title to lands and relocate the Indians. The alliance between the Five Civilized Tribes and the Confederacy during the Civil War also provided Congress with an excuse to realign tribal boundaries. Treaties in 1866 and later reduced the land of the Five Civilized Tribes by almost half. These created the “Unassigned Lands” in central Oklahoma that were eventually opened for land runs.

Other Tribes[edit | edit source]

Some of the western land forfeited by the Five Civilized Tribes was reserved for other tribes through later treaties. These lands in the Indian Territory were assigned to tribes such as the Kiowa, Comanche, Wichita, and Cheyenne. Other tribes were later brought in at various periods from Texas, Nebraska, California, Oregon, Idaho, Arizona, and other states. As many as 65 tribes were eventually relocated to the state, including:

  • Alibamu Kiowa Apache Piankashaw
  • Apache Koasati Ponca
  • Apalachee Lipan Potawatomi
  • Arapaho Miami Quapaw
  • Biloxi Mikasuki Sauk
  • Caddo Missouri Seneca
  • Delaware Modoc Shawnee
  • Fox Muklasa Tawakoni
  • Hitchiti Munsee Tawehash
  • Huron Natchez Tonkawa
  • Illinois Nez Percé Tuskegee
  • Iowa Okmulgee Waco
  • Iroquois Osage Wea
  • Jicarilla Oto Wyandot
  • Kansa Ottawa Yscani
  • Kichai Pawnee Yuchi
  • Kickapoo Peoria

Reservations[edit | edit source]

From the mid-1800s, the official policy of the United States government toward the American Indian was to confine each tribe to a specific parcel of land called a reservation. Agencies were established on or near each reservation. A government representative, usually called an agent (or superintendent) was assigned to each agency. Their duties included maintaining the peace, making payments to the Native Americans based on the stipulations of the treaties with each tribe, and providing a means of communication between the native population and the federal government.

Sometimes, a single agency had jurisdiction over more than one reservation. And sometimes, if the tribal population and land area required it, an agency may have included sub-agencies.

The boundaries of reservations, over time, have changed. Usually, that means the reservations have been reduced in size. Sometimes, especially during the later policy of "termination," the official status of reservations was ended altogether.

The following list of reservations has been compiled from the National Atlas of the United States of America[3], the Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America[4], and other sources. Those reservations named in bold are current federally-recognized reservations, with their associated agency and tribe(s). Others have historically been associated with the state or are not currently recognized by the federal government.

  • Absentee-Shawnee Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Shawnee
  • Alabama Quassarte Tribal Town
  • Apache Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Apache
  • Caddo Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Caddo
  • Cherokee Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Thlequah Agency, Tribe: Cherokee
  • Cheyenne-Arapho: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Concho Agency, Tribes: Cheyenne & Arapho
  • Chickasaw Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Ardmore Agency, Tribe:Chickasaw
  • Choctaw Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Talihina Agency, Tribe Choctaw
  • Citizen Potawatomi Tribe (OK): Federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Potawatomi
  • Comanche Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Comanche
  • Creek Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Okmulgee Agency, Tribe: Creek
  • Delaware Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Delaware
  • Eastern Shawnee Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Shawnee
  • Fort Sill Tribe:  Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Apache
  • Iowa Tribe (OK): Federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Iowa
  • Kaw Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Kaw
  • Kickapoo Tribe (OK): under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Aggency, Tribe: Kickapoo
  • Kiowa Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Kiowa
  • Miami Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Miami Agency, Tribe: Miami
  • Modoc Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Miami Agency, Tribe: Modoc
  • Osage Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of the Osage Agency, Tribe: Osage
  • Otoe-Missouria Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe Ote-Missouria
  • Ottawa Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Ottawa
  • Pawnee Tribe: Federal, uncer the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Pawnee
  • Peoria Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Peoria
  • Ponca Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agnency, Tribe: Ponca
  • Potawatomi Reservation:
  • Quapaw Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Quapaw
  • Sac and Fox Tribe (OK): federal, under the jurisdiction of Shawnee Agency, Tribe: Sac and Fox
  • Seminole Nation: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Wewoka Agency, Tribe: Seminole
  • Seneco-Cayuga Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Seneco-Cayuga
  • Thlopthlocco Tribal Town
  • Tonkawa Tribe: Federal, underth the jurisdiction of Pawnee Agency, Tribe: Tankawa
  • United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee
  • Whichita Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Anadarko Agency, Tribe: Whichita
  • Wyandotte Tribe: Federal, under the jurisdiction of Miami Agency, Tribe: Wyandotte

Agencies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs[edit | edit source]

Agencies and subagencies were created as administrative offices of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its predecessors. Their purpose was (and is) to manage Indian affairs with the tribes, to enforce policies, and to assist in maintaining the peace. The names and location of these agencies may have changed, but their purpose remained basically the same. Many of the records of genealogical value were created by these offices.

The following list of agencies that have operated or now exist in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs...[5], Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians[6], and others.

Indian Schools[edit | edit source]

The Office of Indian Affairs (now the Bureau of Indian Affairs) established a network of schools throughout the United States, beginning with Carlisle Indian School, established in 1879. Some of these schools were day schools, usually focusing on Indian children of a single tribe or reservation. Some were boarding schools which served Indian children from a number of tribes and reservations.

In addition, other groups such as various church denominations established schools specifically focusing on American Indian children. (read more...)

The following list of Indian Schools in Oklahoma has been compiled from Hill's Office of Indian Affairs...[7], Hill's Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians[8], and others.

Indian Health Facilities[edit | edit source]

Records[edit | edit source]

Land allotment records[edit | edit source]

Many Indians received allotments of land. These records are described in the United States Research Outline (30972). A major set relating to Oklahoma is the land allotment records of the Five Civilized Tribes. These records are often referred to as the “Dawes Rolls”.

Dawes Rolls[edit | edit source]

The Dawes “Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes” was established in 1898 to enroll individuals as citizens of one of the five tribes. When the governments of the Five Civilized Tribes were dissolved in 1908, the U.S. Government granted parcels of their land to qualified native individuals.

Many white persons had married Native Americans, and thus were eligible for land. The enrollment records of the Dawes Commission were used to determine eligibility for land.

The commission reviewed the enrollment applications and abstracted the information onto cards known as Enrollment Cards for the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914. (On 93 Family History Library films beginning with 1490261.) These records document about 101,000 Native Americans. The original applications are at the National Archives—Southwest Region and are on 468 Family History Library films, Applications for Enrollment of the Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, 1898-1914, beginning with Family History Library film 1439798.

You can search the Dawes Roll for names of persons.

A helpful guide and index to these records is Commission to the Five Civilized Tribes, The Final Rolls of Citizens and Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory.2 vols. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, [1907?]. (Family History Library film 908371 item 2.)     (Index is on film 962366.)

Guion Miller Cherokee Rolls[edit | edit source]

In 1906, the U.S. Government appointed Guion Miller to compile a roll of Cherokees eligible for compensation from the government for lands taken in the 1830s. Applicants had to document their lineage back to an Eastern Cherokee living in the 1830s and prove that they had not affiliated with any other tribe. Over 45,000 applications that document about 90,000 Cherokees living about 1910 are in Eastern Cherokee Applications, 1906-1909 (On 348 Family History Library films beginning with 378594; film 378594 has an index.)

These rolls can be searched online at http://www.archives.gov/research/arc/native-americans-guion-miller.html

Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Records[edit | edit source]

The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) was authorized to administer Indian programs beginning in 1824. A local field agency or subagency of the BIA served the tribes in a given area. Some of the agencies that served Oklahoma were the Concho, Kiowa, Osage, Pawnee, Quapaw, and Shawnee. Most of the agency records are at the National Archives—Southwest Region, with a few at the National Archives—Central Plains Region. For further information see Edward E. Hill, comp., Guide to Records in the National Archives Relating to American Indians. Washington, D.C.: National Archives, 1981. (Family History Library fiche 6125461.)

The Family History Library has microfilm copies of many records of the BIA and the field agencies including:

Other Records[edit | edit source]

The Indian Archives Division of the Oklahoma Historical Society has an extensive collection for Native American research including copies of the Dawes Rolls. Many of these records are on microfilm at theFamily History Library.

Family History Library[edit | edit source]

These are listed in the Family History Library Catalog under Oklahoma Historical Society. Indian Archives Division. The Society's collections are described in Lawrence Kelly, “Indian Records in the Oklahoma Historical Society Archives,” The Chronicles of Oklahoma, 54: 227-44 [Oklahoma Periodicals].

Another major repository for Oklahoma Indian records is:

Five Civilized Tribes Museum
Federal Building
Agency Hill
Honor Heights Drive
Muskogee, OK 74401
Telephone: 918-683-1701
Fax: 918-683-3070
Internet: www.fivetribes.org

Inventories and guides[edit | edit source]

The following guides describe some of the records available for Indian research:

  • Debo, Angie. “Major Indian Record Collections in Oklahoma,” in Indian-White Relations: A Persistent Paradox, edited by Jane Smith and Robert Kvasnicka. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1976.
  • Svoboda, Joseph G. Guide to American Indian Resource Materials in Great Plains Repositories. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska, Center for Great Plains Studies, 1983. 

Doris Duke Oral History Project[edit | edit source]

In the mid-1900s, several universities conducted oral history interviews with Native Americans. The project was funded by Doris Duke, heiress of the Duke tobacco family. The University of Oklahoma was one of the universities that participated in the project. Transcripts of those interviews are online through the University of Oklahoma in Norman.

Other Repositories[edit | edit source]

  • Oklahoma Historical Society, 2100 North Lincoln Blvd., Oklahoma City, OK 73105
  • Five Civilized Tribes Agency, Federal Building, Muskogee, Oklahoma 73022

See Also[edit | edit source]

Oklahoma Church for a list of missions

Oklahoma History for a calendar of events

Oklahoma Military for a list of forts

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. Available online.
  2. ↑ Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.
  3. ↑ National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations Available online.
  4. ↑ Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.
  5. ↑ Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches, Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library book 970.1 H551o.)
  6. ↑ Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FHL book 970.1 H551g.)
  7. ↑ Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches, Clearwater Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. (Family History Library book 970.1 H551o.)
  8. ↑ Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981. (FHL book 970.1 H551g.)

Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • "Accompanying Pamphlet for Microcopy 1011", National Archives Microfilm Publications, Appendix.
  • American Indians: A Select Catalog of National Archives Microfilm Publications. Washington DC: National Archives Trust Fund Board, National Archives and Records Administration, 1998.
  • Hill, Edward E. (comp.). Guide to Records in the National Archives of the United States Relating to American Indians. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration, 1981.
  • Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880: Historical Sketches. New York, New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1974.
  • Historical Sketches for Jurisdictional and Subject Headings Used for the Letters Received by the Office of Indian Affairs, 1824-1880. National Archives Microcopy T1105.
  • Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington D.C.:Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #30 1907. Available online.
  • Isaacs. Katherine M., editor. Omni Gazetteer of the United States of America. U.S. Data Sourcebook, Volume 11 Appendices, Bureau of Indian Affairs List of American Indian Reservations, Appendix E, Indian Reservations. Omnigraphics, Inc., 1991.
  • National Atlas of the United States of America -- Federal Lands and Indian Reservations Available online.
  • Preliminary Inventory No. 163: Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Washington DC: National Archives and Records Services. Available online
  • Swanton John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 Available online.

Family History Library (FHL); now called, FamilySearch Library (FSL)

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