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== '''HISTORY''' == | == '''HISTORY''' == | ||
The Navajo ( | The Navajo (Naabeeho, Navaho, and other variants) are the largest federally recognized tribes in the United States, or known among kinsmen as Dine'. The Navajo Nation is an independent government body, which manages the Navajo Indian reservation. | ||
Like most groups, the Navajos relate their history to major events which influenced their people and family history information will usually relate to these events. | Like most groups, the Navajos relate their history to major events which influenced their people and family history information will usually relate to these events. | ||
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*Spanish Era (1492-1820) | *Spanish Era (1492-1820) | ||
*Mexican Era (1821-1847) | *Mexican Era (1821-1847) | ||
*Navajo Wars (1848-1868) | *Navajo Wars (1848-1868) | ||
#Navajo Long Walk | |||
*Reservation Era (1868-1927) | *Reservation Era (1868-1927) | ||
*Stock-Reduction (1928-1940) | *Stock-Reduction (1928-1940) | ||
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=== Clan System === | === Clan System === | ||
Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing | Just like any other civilization, precautionary steps were taken to limit intermarriages among immediate family members. The Navajo established family clans, with the maternal line being the predominate line. When introducing one self, a Navajo will provide their parent's clan and typically their maternal grandfather and paternal grandfather's clan, establishing their place in the world. Knowning one's clans is just as important as knowing the names of past ancestors and goes hand-in-hand with genealogical research. For a more detailed list of clans, a short history and a brief introduction, [http://www.lapahie.com/Dine_Clans.cfm click here, clans].<br> | ||
=== === | |||
United States and American Indian relations began with the first acts of the Continental Congress in 1775 which passed several ordinances dealing with American Indians. The first was to divide administrative responsibility into three geographical districts (northern, central, and southern) with the creation of a superintendent to govern the affairs between Congress and the Native peoples.<sup>1</sup> It was often the case that ''ex officio'' superintendent of Indian affairs was usually held by Territorial governors who would help negotiate treaties and obtain titles to Indian lands. | |||
Since multiple tribes lived in territorial boundaries, agents were created to govern one or more tribes or geographical areas. Indian agents were appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate. Agents were to report to the Superintendent, but at times records were sent directly to Washington D.C. <br> <br>The Bureau of Indian Affairs was then created in 1824 as part of the War Department, to govern affairs between settlers and Native peoples. Originally called Heads of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, this titles was later changed to Commissioner of Indian Affairs and is currently called the Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Indian Affairs. When Natives were no longer considered to be a threat, the BIA was then transferred to the Department of the Interior in 1849. | |||
=== === | |||
=== Agencies === | === Agencies === | ||
The Navajo Nation's reservation boundaries has been changing since the original reservation boundaries were established in 1868. At the same time, governmental guardianship over these lands has changed. Currently, the Navajo Nation is divided into five agencies ([[Chinle Indian Agency (Arizona)|Chinle Agency]], [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (AZ), [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (NM), [[Western Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Western Navajo Agency]], [[Fort Defiance Indian Agency|Fort Defiance Agency]], and [[Shiprock Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Shiprock Agency]]), with the seat of government located in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona Window Rock, Arizona]. Each of these agencies are further divided into smaller political units called [http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/chapters.htm Chapters], the number of Chapters have fluctuated over the years, but there are roughly 110 Chapters. Typically, Chapters do not carry documents containing family history information, and most will refer you to the Navajo Nation offices. | The Navajo Nation's reservation boundaries has been changing since the original reservation boundaries were established in 1868. At the same time, governmental guardianship over these lands has changed. Currently, the Navajo Nation is divided into five agencies ([[Chinle Indian Agency (Arizona)|Chinle Agency]], [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (AZ), [[Eastern Navajo Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Eastern Navajo Agency]] (NM), [[Western Navajo Indian Agency (Arizona)|Western Navajo Agency]], [[Fort Defiance Indian Agency|Fort Defiance Agency]], and [[Shiprock Indian Agency (New Mexico)|Shiprock Agency]]) governing a specific geographical area, with the seat of government located in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona Window Rock, Arizona]. Each of these agencies are further divided into smaller political units called [http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/chapters.htm Chapters], the number of Chapters have fluctuated over the years, but there are roughly 110 Chapters. Typically, Chapters do not carry documents containing family history information, and most will refer you to the Navajo Nation offices. In addition to this, many of the documents held at the agencies have also been transferred to National and Regional archives throughout the United States.<br> | ||
==== CONTACT ==== | ==== CONTACT ==== | ||
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Contact information for the Navajo Nation: <br>The Navajo Nation <br>P.O. Box 9000<br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515 | Contact information for the Navajo Nation: <br>The Navajo Nation <br>P.O. Box 9000<br>Window Rock, Arizona 86515 | ||
(928) 871-6000 | (928) 871-6000<br> | ||
=== Reservation === | === Reservation === | ||
Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entites which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation, the Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation, and the Tohajiilee Indian Reservation.<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA Indian Allotee to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br> | Like most civilizations throughout the world, geography plays a crucial role in Navajo life, mythology, religion, and history. In more modern times, [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Reservation reservation] boundaries have been established by the United States of America on behalf of the Navajo Indians and over time those boundaries have changed. Learning local history can also help with understanding family history. Current boundaries for the Navajo Reservation is about 24,078,127 square miles, making it the largest Indian reservation in the United States. It covers parts of Arizona, New Mexico and Utah. There are also three separate entites which are also under Navajo jurisdiction: the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramah_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Ramah Navajo Indian Reservation], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamo_Navajo_Indian_Reservation Alamo Navajo Indian Reservation], and the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohajiilee_Indian_Reservation Tohajiilee Indian Reservation].<br><br>Tribal lands are trust lands and as a result there are no private land owners, and all Tribal Trust land is owned in common and administered by the Nation's government. There are also BIA Indian Allotment lands which are privately owned by the heirs and generations of the original BIA Indian Allotee to whom it was issued. Tribal Trust lands are leased to both customary land users (may include homesites, grazing, and other uses) and organizations (may include BIA and other federal agencies, churches, and other religious organizations, as well as private or commercial businesses).<br><br> | ||
Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | Below is a Navajo Nation Public Service Map | ||
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One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. in addition, Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Many a times Census takers wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman) or Hastiin (mister or man. | One major issue when dealing with these records is that many of the Census takers were not Navajo speakers and some relied on translators for information. in addition, Navajo at the time these censuses were taken was still in the process of becoming an official written language and so many Census takers phonetically wrote names. Many a times Census takers wrote generic names for people using Navajo terms such as; "At'eed," (girl); "Ashkii," (boy); and "Asdzaan" (woman) or Hastiin (mister or man. | ||
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;" /> | |||
<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">When searching U.S. Federal Indian Census records their records are divided into reservation boundaries which include:</span> | |||
*Eastern Navajo Reservation | |||
*Luepp (located around Luepp, AZ) | |||
*Navajo (location and areas covered change over time) | |||
*Navajo Springs (located around Holbrook, AZ) | |||
*Northern Navajo Reservation | |||
*Pueblo Bonito (located around Chaco Canyon, NM) | |||
*San Juan (located around northern San Juan County, NM) | |||
*Southern Navajo Reservation | |||
*Western Navajo Reservation<br> | |||
When searching for individuals, your search should also include surrounding tribal records of the Apaches, Hopis (or Moqui), Paiutes, Pueblos, and Utes. | |||
=== Education === | === Education === | ||
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*[[Phoenix Indian School (Arizona)|Phoenix Indian School]] (Phoenix, AZ) | *[[Phoenix Indian School (Arizona)|Phoenix Indian School]] (Phoenix, AZ) | ||
*[[Pinon Indian Boarding School (Arizona)|Pinon Boarding School]] (Pinon, AZ) | *[[Pinon Indian Boarding School (Arizona)|Pinon Boarding School]] (Pinon, AZ) | ||
*Pueblo Day School () | *Pueblo Day School (NM) | ||
*[[San Juan Indian School (New Mexico)|San Juan Boarding School]] (NM) | *[[San Juan Indian School (New Mexico)|San Juan Boarding School]] (NM) | ||
*[[Santa Fe Indian Industrial School (New Mexico)|Santa Fe Indian School]] (Santa Fe, NM) | *[[Santa Fe Indian Industrial School (New Mexico)|Santa Fe Indian School]] (Santa Fe, NM) | ||
*Sherman | *[https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/Sherman_Institute Sherman Institute] (Riverside, CA) | ||
*Shiprock Boarding School (Shiprock, NM) | *Shiprock Boarding School (Shiprock, NM) | ||
*[[Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute (New Mexico)|Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute]] (Albuquerque, NM) | *[[Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute (New Mexico)|Southwestern Indian Polytechnic Institute]] (Albuquerque, NM) | ||
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*''School Census of Navajo Indians in McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico'', 1957, 1961. by Martin M. Martinez. Arranged alphabetically by surname. FHL film 1,036,099 item 2.<br> | *''School Census of Navajo Indians in McKinley and Valencia Counties, New Mexico'', 1957, 1961. by Martin M. Martinez. Arranged alphabetically by surname. FHL film 1,036,099 item 2.<br> | ||
*Martinez, Martin M. School Census of Navajo Indians in McKinley and Valencia Counties, NM, 1957, 1961 FHL film 1036099 item 2 | *Martinez, Martin M. School Census of Navajo Indians in McKinley and Valencia Counties, NM, 1957, 1961 FHL film 1036099 item 2<br> See also: Agencies for school records<br> | ||
=== Religion === | === Religion === | ||
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*Denetdale, Jennifer. ''The Long Walk: The Forced Navajo Exile''. | *Denetdale, Jennifer. ''The Long Walk: The Forced Navajo Exile''. | ||
==== Maps==== | ==== Maps ==== | ||
*Moqui and Navajo Reservations with Navajo extensions. National Archives: NA RG 75 no. 8782 tube no. 1243 '''FHL films 1665840 Index and FHL 1670769 item 22''' | *Moqui and Navajo Reservations with Navajo extensions. National Archives: NA RG 75 no. 8782 tube no. 1243 '''FHL films 1665840 Index and FHL 1670769 item 22''' | ||
* | * | ||
==== Military ==== | Summer, R.C. Map of Navajo Reservation. National Archives: Denver FRG RG 75 FRC 753242. '''FHL 1665840 index and 1670769 item 27'''<br> | ||
==== Military ==== | |||
* Moore, William Haas. Chief, Agents and Soldiers: Conflict on the Navajo Frontier 1868-1882. FHL 970.3 N227m | * Moore, William Haas. Chief, Agents and Soldiers: Conflict on the Navajo Frontier 1868-1882. FHL 970.3 N227m | ||
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*Turner, Ann. ''The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow: The Dairy of Sarah Nita, a Navajo Girl, New Mexico, 1864''. | *Turner, Ann. ''The Girl Who Chased Away Sorrow: The Dairy of Sarah Nita, a Navajo Girl, New Mexico, 1864''. | ||
==== Occupation==== | ==== Occupation ==== | ||
*Navajo Stock Reduction Interviews of Dean Sundberg and Fern Charley OnLine: https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE1904602 | *Navajo Stock Reduction Interviews of Dean Sundberg and Fern Charley OnLine: https://dcms.lds.org/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE1904602 | ||
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*Wagner, Sallie and Edward T. Hall. ''Wide Ruins: Memories from a Navajo Trading Post.'' | *Wagner, Sallie and Edward T. Hall. ''Wide Ruins: Memories from a Navajo Trading Post.'' | ||
=== Vital records === | === Vital records === | ||
*Bowen, Jeff. Western Navajo Reservation: Navajo, Hopi and Paiute Indians, birth and death rolls, 1925-1933 FHL 970.3 N227bj | *Bowen, Jeff. Western Navajo Reservation: Navajo, Hopi and Paiute Indians, birth and death rolls, 1925-1933 FHL 970.3 N227bj | ||
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<br> | <br> | ||
BIBLIOGRAPHY | |||
1. [http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/newnatn/nativeam/super.html "The New Nation, 1783-1815: Government Policy Toward Native Americans: Superintendent of Indian Affairs."] | |||
[[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]] | [[Category:Arizona_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Utah_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:Colorado_Indian_Tribes]] [[Category:New_Mexico_Indian_Tribes]] | ||