Cite Your Sources (Source Footnotes)

Source footnote citations help us document, organize, and analyze the evidence gathered. They are the hallmark of quality family history. List of style guides.

Ideally, every event on a family group record would have one or more source footnotes. The information about the event came from somewhere (even if it was guessed), so we should cite the source properly.

Value of Source Citations

The best way to judge the quality of a family group record is by its source footnotes.

Citing your sources makes it easier to correlate and analyze sources against each other. It helps other researchers vet your work. It is a partial acknowledgment of the contributions of the authors you cite. Citing sources is the best way to avoid plagiarism. Also, the source in which an ancestor appears is one of the identifiers of that ancestor (like his name, date, place, and relationship identifiers).

When to add source citations

Add a source citation every time you add an event to a family group record. Add a source citation for every event mentioned on each source. The best time to enter source footnotes is at the same time as you enter the event information. Document AS YOU GO!

Link each source citation to the event(s) it documents. For example, a marriage license may also divulge birth information and should be cited for both the marriage and the birth. Cite the census source for each member of the family listed. (This is easily accomplished in Personal Ancestral File (PAF) by using the Memorize Citation button, and Use Memorized Citation button.)

What to Cite

In theory a good source citation is simply a matter of including five normal, and two optional elements:

• Author
• Title
• Repository (for books the place published and publisher)
• Date
• Page
• Optional library or archive call number
• Brief preliminary evaluation comment about the source

In practice the first five elements are sometimes complicated and may be hard-to-find details. For example, who is the author, what is the title, and what is the date of an untitled parish register kept over many years by several ministers?

Most archives and libraries have already used these elements to describe the source in their catalog. So using the repository catalog helps the researcher cite the elements of the footnote in a way that will help other researchers find the same source at the same repository.

On the other hand, as researchers rely more and more on the Internet, new questions arise about how to cite sources from a “repository” that changes so often.

Source Footnote Style Guides

There are several handbooks that can help you improve the style of your source footnotes. They are guides, not commandments from deity. They differ slightly in their suggestions. Please encourage your fellow researchers to cite sources, and avoid being overly fussy about the minutia of their citations. If you see a citation that needs improvement, encourage the author to consider one or more of these guides:

• University of ChicagoPress. The Chicago Manual of Style, 14^th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.

• Mills, Elizabeth Shown. Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 2007.

• Mills, Elizabeth Shown. QuickSheet: Citing Online Historical Resources: Evidence! Style*, 2nd rev. ed. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing, 2007.

• Silicon Valley PAF Users Group. Family History Documentation Guidelines, 2^nd ed. San Jose, Calif.: SVPUG, 2000-2003.

• ProGenealogists. “Internet Citation Guide for Genealogists,” in ProGenealogists Internet site, 1998-2007, at http://www.progenealogists.com/citationguide.htm, accessed 29 July 2008.

Citation Suggested Examples

Here are some idealized example citations as they might appear in the Sources field of a Family Group Record printed using the Personal Ancestral File (PAF) program. These footnotes mostly follow the Chicago Manual of Style. Following the citation there is a list of the fields used in the PAF Edit Source and Sources—Citation Detail windows to create each source footnote. These are only suggestive—other researchers may choose different ways to render the same footnote information.

Books (published)

Ideal format: 1. Author(s), Title (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication), volume: page number(s), [book call number; microfilm call number]. Digitized by Repository at URL (accessed date). Comment.

1. Clement Luther Martzolff, History of Perry County Ohio (New Lexington, Ohio: Ward & Weiland, 1902), 144-46. [FHL book 977.159 H2m; FHL film 897280 Item 2]. Digitized by BYU Family History Archives at http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/FH27&CISOPTR=77464 (accessed 20 January 2009). Laudatory biographical sketch.

PAF Edit Source— Source Title: History of Perry County Ohio Author: Clement Luther Martzolff Publication Information: (New Lexington, Ohio: Ward & Weiland, 1902) Repository: [empty] Call Number: [FHL book 977.159 H2m; FHL film 897280 Item 2] Actual Text: [empty] Comments: [empty] Sources— Film/Volume/Page Number: 144-46 Date record was made: [empty] Comments: Digitized by BYU Family History Archives at http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/FH27&CISOPTR=77464 (accessed 20 January 2009). Laudatory biographical sketch. Actual Text: [empty].

Computer databases on compact disc

Ideal format: 2. Author(s), Title (Place of publication: Publisher, year of publication), volume: page number(s) or other data needed to find the entry. [CD call number]. Comment.

2. California, Department of Health Services, Vital Statistics Section, California Death Indexes on CD (Sacramento, Calif.: CDHS, [2002]), 1969: Gee, Eva. [FHL CD-ROM no. 406 pt. 1]. Evie in some sources.

PAF Edit Source— Source Title: California Death Indexes on CD Author: California, Department of Health Services, Vital Statistics Section Publication Information: (Sacramento, Calif.: CDHS, [2002]) Repository:[empty] Call Number: [FHL CD-ROM no. 406 pt. 1] Actual Text: [empty] Comments: [empty] Sources— Film/Volume/Page Number: 1969: Gee, Eva Date record was made:[empty] Comments: Evie in some sources. Actual Text: [empty].

Internet sites

Ideal format: 3. Author(s), "Page-Title" in Site-Title at URL (accessed date). Comment.

3. National Genealogical Society, "Standards for Sharing Information with Others" in National Genealogical Society (Internet site), at www.ngsgenealogy.org/comstandsharing.htm (accessed 11 November 2003). Emphasizes getting permission.

PAF Edit Source— Source Title: Standards for Sharing Information with Others in National Genealogical Society (Internet site) Author: National Genealogical Society Publication Information: at www.ngsgenealogy.org/comstandsharing.htm (accessed 11 November 2003) Repository: [empty] Call Number: [empty] Actual Text: [empty] Comments: [empty] Sources— Film/Volume/Page Number: [empty] Date record was made: [empty] Comments: Emphasizes getting permission. Actual Text: [empty].

Ancestral File

4. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, "Family Group Record: Aaron Disney" in FamilySearch Ancestral File, at http://www.familysearch.org/eng/search/frameset_search.asp?PAGE=af/search_AF.asp&clear_form=true (accessed 21 January 2009). Aaron DISNEY 1798/1799 Maryland. !SOURCE: Secondary source, estimated birth date and birthplace, but exact marriage date and place.

Census (1880 United States)

5.

International Genealogical Index

6.

Pedigree Resource File

7.

U.S. Social Security Death Index

8.

Vital Records Index

9.

Record Search—Pilot Site

10.

Ancestry.com

11.

Heritage Quest Online

12.

Interviews (unpublished)

Ideal format: 13. Interviewee, interview by Interviewer, description or type of interview, place of interview, date, page, repository of the interview. Comment.

13. Katie Beller, interview by Bryan Dilts, interview notes, at Hesston, Kans., 12 August 1973, 2, in possession of G. David Dilts, Salt Lake City, Utah. From her memory but matches well with most written sources.

PAF Edit Source— Source Title: interview by Bryan Dilts, interview notes Author: Katie Beller Publication Information: at Hesston, Kans., 12 August 1973 Repository: in possession of G. David Dilts, Salt Lake City, Utah Call Number: [empty] Actual Text: [empty] Comments: [empty] Sources— Film/Volume/Page Number: 2 Date record was made: [empty] Comments: From memory but matches well with written sources. Actual Text: [empty].

Letters or email (unpublished)

Ideal format: 14. Author, author's residence, date, letter (or email) to Recipient, recipient's residence or repository, page. Comment.

14. Robert Frazier, Wichita, Kans., 10 May 2003, email to G. David Dilts, Salt Lake City, Utah, 3. Invitation to family reunion in Iowa.

PAF Edit Source— Source Title: 10 May 2003, email to G. David Dilts, Salt Lake City, Utah Author: Robert Frazier, Wichita, Kans. Publication Information: [empty] Repository: [empty] Call Number: [empty] Actual Text: [empty] Comments: [empty] Sources— Film/Volume/Page Number: 3 Date record was made: [empty] Comments: Invitation to family reunion in Iowa. Actual Text: [empty].

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• Rookie Mistakes
• Solving Tough Research Problems--Overcoming Brick Walls
• Use the Informatoin: Cite Your Sources

Family History Library (FHL); now called, FamilySearch Library (FSL)

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