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== History  ==


=== History  ===
Lake Superior is a special place for the '''Lake Superior Chippewa'''. According to tradition the Chippewa's migrated from the east coast to Lake Superior. After reaching the eastern shores of Lake Superior they may have agreed to distribute land among themselves. One branch moved to southern Michigan. They are the [[Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan]]. They are also known as the Sac and Sauk.


Lake Superior is a special place for the '''Lake Superior Chippewa'''. According to tradition the Chippewas migrated from the east coast to Lake Superior. After reaching the eastern shores of Lake Superior they may have agreed to distribute land among themselves. One branch moved to southern Michigan. They are the [[Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan]]. They are also known as the Sac and Sauk.  
Another branch moved west into what is now the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Included among them are the [[Menominee Indians]]. They also colonized northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. Either the Chippewa's from northern Wisconsin or southern Michigan, colonized southern Wisconsin.  


Another branch moved west into what is now the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Included among them are the [[Menominee Indians]]. They also colonized northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. Either the Chippewas from northern Wisconsin or southern Michigan are believed to have colonized southern Wisconsin.  
Another branch moved to the northern shores of Lake Superior which the Chippewa call Gitchi Gami. They were not as numerous as the Chippewa's from the Lower Penisula of Michigan, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Their totems were largely non military but that changed after the whites invaded. Supposedly the [[Cree Indians]] lived north of the Chippewa's who lived north of Lake Superior. Hudson Bay Company kept details about the Indians in that region. They claimed the Cree did not use totems or clans. If that is correct it means the Cree are not Algonquian. All Algonquians used totems or clans. We do know the Swampy Cree or James Bay Cree and Woodland Cree, used totems or clans. The James Bay Cree are obviously Chippewa.  


Another branch moved to the northern shores of Lake Superior which the Chippewa call Gitchi Gami. They were not as numerous as the Chippewas from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Their totems were largely non military but that changed after the whites began to move into the area. It is believed that the [[Cree Indians]] lived north of the Chippewas who lived north of Lake Superior. Hudson Bay Company kept details about the indigenous people in that region. They indicated that the Cree did not use totems or clans. If that information is correct it means the Cree are not Algonquian. All Algonquians used totems or clans. We do know the Swampy Cree or James Bay Cree and Woodland Cree, used totems or clans. The James Bay Cree are obviously Chippewa.  
They did not migrate to the Lake Superior region in the 1500s. Ojibway authors from the 19th century wrote of the Chippewa's forcing their way east from the west. George Copway wrote that the Chippewa's from the Minnesota region, commenced to colonize the land east of Lake Superior and north of Lake Huron, around 1634 and 1635. They had to fight the Lakota who contested the Chippewa military advance which either means the Lakota lived between the Chippewa's of Minnesota and Chippewa's from Michigan, or the Lakota invaded from the south.  


They did not migrate to the Lake Superior region in the 1500s. Ojibway authors from the 19th century wrote of the Chippewas forcing their way east from the west. George Copway wrote that the Chippewas from the Minnesota region colonized the land east of Lake Superior and north of Lake Huron, around 1634 and 1635. They had to fight the Lakota who contested the Chippewa military advance into those lands.  
William W. Warren wrote that the Chippewa's waged a war against the Lakota of Minnesota in the early 17th century. Warren learned the Chippewa's counted one generation as being 40 years. Read his book carefully. Either the Chippewa's were forcing their way east from North Dakota or even Montana, west to Lake Superior, or an unknown event has been lost which could have provided the details of this Chippewa military advance to the east. Warren also wrote that the Chippewa's forced their way to the east from the west.  


William W. Warren wrote that the Chippewas waged a war against the Lakota of Minnesota in the early 17th century. Warren learned the Chippewas counted one generation as being 40 years. Either the Chippewas were forcing their way east from North Dakota or even Montana, west to Lake Superior, or an unknown event has been lost which could have provided the details of this Chippewa military advance to the east. Warren also wrote that the Chippewas forced their way to the east from the west.
Of the Chippewa Districts, the '''Lake Superior Chippewa District '''may have been the oldest. On the west was the [[Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians]] District. To their northwest was the [[Saulteaux Indians]] District and to the west of the Pembina Chippewa's District was the [[Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians, Montana]] District.  
 
Of the Chippewa Districts, the '''Lake Superior Chippewa District '''may have been the oldest. On the west was the [[Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians]] District. To their northwest was the [[Saulteaux Indians]] District and to the west of the Pembina Chippewa's District was the [[Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians, Montana]] District.  


Throughout the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the '''Lake Superior Chippewa's '''were constantly at war against the whites and their Indian allies. By the late 19th century and early 20th century, they had signed treaties with Canada and the United States, which ceded land and established Reservations.  
Throughout the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the '''Lake Superior Chippewa's '''were constantly at war against the whites and their Indian allies. By the late 19th century and early 20th century, they had signed treaties with Canada and the United States, which ceded land and established Reservations.  
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'''16th century:'''  
'''16th century:'''  


It is believed that the first contact with the whites probably happened in Quebec. It was not a peaceful meeting and there was ever increasing resistance to the continuing settlement of whites into lands that had been owned by the native Americans in the past. In either the 1530s or 1540s, the Dutch and French established trading posts in Quebec and New York. They were destroyed and the whites forced to leave the area.  
First contact with the whites probably happened in Quebec. It was not peaceful. Ojibway leaders knew from prophecy that the whites had evil intentions. And following prophecy they did let the whites let it be known the intentions of the whites. They quickly realized the intentions of the whites were evil. In either the 1530s or 1540s, the Dutch and French established trading posts in Quebec and New York. They were destroyed and the whites forced to leave the area.  


'''17th century:'''  
'''17th century:'''  


Very early in the 17th century, Europeans began to settle the eastern lands of North America. They were Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedes and English.  
Very early in the 17th century the white confederation invaded eastern North America. England had overthrown either a non white rule at England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales or a possible other scenario prevented England from invading the America's.. By the 1580s, England had been freed from the foe which controlled them. England quickly joined the other white nations who were invading the America's. They were the Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedes.
 
They formed alliances with non Algonquian Indians and launched a massive military campaign around 1629. From Florida to Quebec, the white confederation and their Indian allies had driven the eastern Chippewa's to near Lake Michigan. However, the Lake Superior Chippewa's were reinforced with large numbers of Chippewa soldiers from the west. They eventually drove the whites and their Indian allies back towards the Atlantic Coast.  


These early settlers formed alliances with non-Algonquian indigenous people and launched a military campaign around 1629. From Florida to Quebec, the white confederation and their Indian allies had driven the eastern Chippewas to near Lake Michigan. However, the Lake Superior Chippewas were reinforced with large numbers of Chippewa soldiers from the west. They eventually drove the European settlers and their Native American allies back towards the Atlantic Coast.  
By the 1660s, the white nations had agreed to merge with England. Back in Europe, the foe which had controlled England in the 16th century, was probably powerful enough to continue to flex their might in western Europe. The island of England was carefully fortified by the white confederation, who used the island as a military base to continue their invasion to the America's. France controlled southeastern Quebec, while England controlled New England to North Carolina. Spain controlled South Carolina to Florida. The region between Texas and Florida was controlled by each England, France, and Spain.  


'''18th century:'''  
'''18th century:'''  


By the 1760s, European settlers were making their way westward. England and France constructed trading posts inland from Hudson Bay in 1774. After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the leaders of the '''Lake Superior Chippewa '''agreed to accept peace and cede land. Thus began the questionable "legal" but rarely "moral" acquisition of land by the white settlers and the US government. This time was a time of increasing turmoil between the white settlers and the native Americans as each was determined to gain or hold on to lands previously held. Native Americans, being outnumbered and out-gunned, were eventually defeated and moved (often only by force and with little to no thought to their safety or well-being) to reservation lands. To find records of the Native Americans who were moved, see:[[Trail of Tears|Trail of Tears]]. The reservation land was usually land that no one else wanted, usually with very few natural resources, and subsequently the native Americans suffered, and continue to suffer to this present time. This period of time in our American history has left negative memories for the indigent people who were here for centuries before the arrival of the Europeans.  
Wars became more deadly as the 18th century progressed. In the first half of the 18th century, the Chippewa's kept the whites and their Indian allies confined along the coasts. By the 1760s, the whites led by England were forcing their way west. England commenced to build trading posts inland from Hudson Bay in 1774. After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the leaders of the '''Lake Superior Chippewa '''agreed to accept peace and cede land.  
 
'''19th century:'''
 
In 1811, the English invaded Indiana which started the War of 1812. The '''Lake Superior Chippewa '''could not defeat the whites. After the war they ceded more land. Large numbers of '''Lake Superior Chippewa '''followed prophecy and migrated to the north, west, and south. Many stayed in their original land around the Great Lakes including in New York State.  


==== Reservations  ====
==== Reservations  ====
Bois Forte (Nett Lake) Reservation


Grand Portage Reservation  
Grand Portage Reservation  


Fond du Lac Reservation  
Fond du Lac Reservation  
Mille Lacs Reservation


Bad River Reservation  
Bad River Reservation  
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Keweenaw Bay Reservation  
Keweenaw Bay Reservation  


Sault Ste. Marie Reservation  
Sault Ste. Marie Reservation<span id="fck_dom_range_temp_1373072413953_444" />
 
Little Traverse Bay Reservation
 
Grand Traverse Reservation
 
Little RIver Reservation
 
Isabelle Reservation
 
Huron Reservation
 
Pokagon Reservation
 
Allegany Reservation
 
Cattaraugas Reservation
 
Oil Springs Reservation
 
Oneida Reservation (New York)
 
Onondaga Reservation
 
Poospatuck Reservation
 
St. Regis Reservation
 
Shinnecock Reservation
 
Tonawanda Reservation
 
Tuscarora Reservation  


Batchewana  
Batchewana  
Thessalon


Mississauga  
Mississauga  
Serpent River


Sagamok  
Sagamok  


Serpent River  
Whitefish River  
 
Zhiibaahaasing
 
Sheshegwaning
 
M'Chigeeng
 
Sheguiandah
 
Aundeck Omni
 
Wikwemikong
 
Chippewas of Nawash
 
Saugeen
 
Beausoleil
 
Chippewas of Rama
 
Chippewas of Georgina Island
 
Scugog Island
 
Alderville
 
Hiawatha
 
Curve Lake
 
Bay of Quinte Mohawks
 
Wahta Mohawk
 
Moose Deer Point
 
Wausauksing
 
Shawanaga
 
Magnetawan
 
Henvey Inlet
 
Dokis
 
Nipissing
 
Atikameksheng
 
Wahnapitae
 
Temagami
 
Pikwakanagan
 
Mattagami
 
Matachewan


Thessalon
Flying Post


Brunswick House  
Brunswick House  
Line 90: Line 194:


Michipicoten  
Michipicoten  
Wahgoshig
Taykwa Tagomou
Moose Factory
Moosonee
Albany
Kashechewan
Attawapiskat


Pic Mobert  
Pic Mobert  
Line 102: Line 220:


Lac Des Mille Lacs  
Lac Des Mille Lacs  
Lac La Croix
Seine River
Nigigoonsiminikaning
Couchiching
Naicatchewenin
Rainy River
Eagle Lake
Wabigoon Lake
Lac Seul
Ojibway of Saugeen
Mishkeegogamang
Slate Falls
Cat Lake
McDowell Lake
North Caribou Lake
Muskrat Dam Lake
North Spirit Lake
Bearskin Lake
Big Trout Lake
Wapekeka
Kasabonika
Wawakapewin
Kingfisher
Wunnumin
Nibinamik
Neskantaga
Eabametong
Webequie
Weenusk
Fort Severn
Martin Falls
Aroland


Whitesand  
Whitesand  
Line 117: Line 299:
Ginoogaming  
Ginoogaming  


Constance Lake  
Constance Lake
 
Aroland
 
 
=== Tribal Headquarters  ===
 
=== Records  ===


The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br>
== Additional References to the History of the Tribe ==


*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]
== Tribal Headquarters ==
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]
*[[American Indian Census Rolls|Census records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Correspondence]]
*[[American Indian Health Records|Health records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Reports]]
*[[American Indian School Records|School census and records]]
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]


=== Treaties  ===
== Records ==


=== Important Websites  ===
== Treaties ==


=== References  ===
== Important Websites ==


[[Category:Indigenous Tribes of Michigan]]
== References ==

Revision as of 18:55, 5 July 2013

History[edit | edit source]

Lake Superior is a special place for the Lake Superior Chippewa. According to tradition the Chippewa's migrated from the east coast to Lake Superior. After reaching the eastern shores of Lake Superior they may have agreed to distribute land among themselves. One branch moved to southern Michigan. They are the Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe of Michigan. They are also known as the Sac and Sauk.

Another branch moved west into what is now the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Included among them are the Menominee Indians. They also colonized northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. Either the Chippewa's from northern Wisconsin or southern Michigan, colonized southern Wisconsin.

Another branch moved to the northern shores of Lake Superior which the Chippewa call Gitchi Gami. They were not as numerous as the Chippewa's from the Lower Penisula of Michigan, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Their totems were largely non military but that changed after the whites invaded. Supposedly the Cree Indians lived north of the Chippewa's who lived north of Lake Superior. Hudson Bay Company kept details about the Indians in that region. They claimed the Cree did not use totems or clans. If that is correct it means the Cree are not Algonquian. All Algonquians used totems or clans. We do know the Swampy Cree or James Bay Cree and Woodland Cree, used totems or clans. The James Bay Cree are obviously Chippewa.

They did not migrate to the Lake Superior region in the 1500s. Ojibway authors from the 19th century wrote of the Chippewa's forcing their way east from the west. George Copway wrote that the Chippewa's from the Minnesota region, commenced to colonize the land east of Lake Superior and north of Lake Huron, around 1634 and 1635. They had to fight the Lakota who contested the Chippewa military advance which either means the Lakota lived between the Chippewa's of Minnesota and Chippewa's from Michigan, or the Lakota invaded from the south.

William W. Warren wrote that the Chippewa's waged a war against the Lakota of Minnesota in the early 17th century. Warren learned the Chippewa's counted one generation as being 40 years. Read his book carefully. Either the Chippewa's were forcing their way east from North Dakota or even Montana, west to Lake Superior, or an unknown event has been lost which could have provided the details of this Chippewa military advance to the east. Warren also wrote that the Chippewa's forced their way to the east from the west.

Of the Chippewa Districts, the Lake Superior Chippewa District may have been the oldest. On the west was the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians District. To their northwest was the Saulteaux Indians District and to the west of the Pembina Chippewa's District was the Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians, Montana District.

Throughout the 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, the Lake Superior Chippewa's were constantly at war against the whites and their Indian allies. By the late 19th century and early 20th century, they had signed treaties with Canada and the United States, which ceded land and established Reservations.

Brief History[edit | edit source]

16th century:

First contact with the whites probably happened in Quebec. It was not peaceful. Ojibway leaders knew from prophecy that the whites had evil intentions. And following prophecy they did let the whites let it be known the intentions of the whites. They quickly realized the intentions of the whites were evil. In either the 1530s or 1540s, the Dutch and French established trading posts in Quebec and New York. They were destroyed and the whites forced to leave the area.

17th century:

Very early in the 17th century the white confederation invaded eastern North America. England had overthrown either a non white rule at England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales or a possible other scenario prevented England from invading the America's.. By the 1580s, England had been freed from the foe which controlled them. England quickly joined the other white nations who were invading the America's. They were the Dutch, French, Portuguese, Spanish, and Swedes.

They formed alliances with non Algonquian Indians and launched a massive military campaign around 1629. From Florida to Quebec, the white confederation and their Indian allies had driven the eastern Chippewa's to near Lake Michigan. However, the Lake Superior Chippewa's were reinforced with large numbers of Chippewa soldiers from the west. They eventually drove the whites and their Indian allies back towards the Atlantic Coast.

By the 1660s, the white nations had agreed to merge with England. Back in Europe, the foe which had controlled England in the 16th century, was probably powerful enough to continue to flex their might in western Europe. The island of England was carefully fortified by the white confederation, who used the island as a military base to continue their invasion to the America's. France controlled southeastern Quebec, while England controlled New England to North Carolina. Spain controlled South Carolina to Florida. The region between Texas and Florida was controlled by each England, France, and Spain.

18th century:

Wars became more deadly as the 18th century progressed. In the first half of the 18th century, the Chippewa's kept the whites and their Indian allies confined along the coasts. By the 1760s, the whites led by England were forcing their way west. England commenced to build trading posts inland from Hudson Bay in 1774. After the Battle of Fallen Timbers, the leaders of the Lake Superior Chippewa agreed to accept peace and cede land.

19th century:

In 1811, the English invaded Indiana which started the War of 1812. The Lake Superior Chippewa could not defeat the whites. After the war they ceded more land. Large numbers of Lake Superior Chippewa followed prophecy and migrated to the north, west, and south. Many stayed in their original land around the Great Lakes including in New York State.

Reservations[edit | edit source]

Bois Forte (Nett Lake) Reservation

Grand Portage Reservation

Fond du Lac Reservation

Mille Lacs Reservation

Bad River Reservation

Red Cliff Reservation

Lac Courte Oreilles Reservation

Lac du Flambeau Reservation

St. Croix Reservation

Menominee Reservation

Stockbridge-Munsee Reservation

Sokaogan Reservation

Forest County Reservation

Ho-Chunk Reservation

Oneida Reservation (Wisconsin)

Hannahville Reservation

L'Anse Reservation

Ontonagon Reservation

Keweenaw Bay Reservation

Sault Ste. Marie Reservation

Little Traverse Bay Reservation

Grand Traverse Reservation

Little RIver Reservation

Isabelle Reservation

Huron Reservation

Pokagon Reservation

Allegany Reservation

Cattaraugas Reservation

Oil Springs Reservation

Oneida Reservation (New York)

Onondaga Reservation

Poospatuck Reservation

St. Regis Reservation

Shinnecock Reservation

Tonawanda Reservation

Tuscarora Reservation

Batchewana

Thessalon

Mississauga

Serpent River

Sagamok

Whitefish River

Zhiibaahaasing

Sheshegwaning

M'Chigeeng

Sheguiandah

Aundeck Omni

Wikwemikong

Chippewas of Nawash

Saugeen

Beausoleil

Chippewas of Rama

Chippewas of Georgina Island

Scugog Island

Alderville

Hiawatha

Curve Lake

Bay of Quinte Mohawks

Wahta Mohawk

Moose Deer Point

Wausauksing

Shawanaga

Magnetawan

Henvey Inlet

Dokis

Nipissing

Atikameksheng

Wahnapitae

Temagami

Pikwakanagan

Mattagami

Matachewan

Flying Post

Brunswick House

Chapleau 74A

Chapleau 75

Missanabie

Michipicoten

Wahgoshig

Taykwa Tagomou

Moose Factory

Moosonee

Albany

Kashechewan

Attawapiskat

Pic Mobert

Pic River

Pays Plat

Red Rock

Fort William

Lac Des Mille Lacs

Lac La Croix

Seine River

Nigigoonsiminikaning

Couchiching

Naicatchewenin

Rainy River

Eagle Lake

Wabigoon Lake

Lac Seul

Ojibway of Saugeen

Mishkeegogamang

Slate Falls

Cat Lake

McDowell Lake

North Caribou Lake

Muskrat Dam Lake

North Spirit Lake

Bearskin Lake

Big Trout Lake

Wapekeka

Kasabonika

Wawakapewin

Kingfisher

Wunnumin

Nibinamik

Neskantaga

Eabametong

Webequie

Weenusk

Fort Severn

Martin Falls

Aroland

Whitesand

Gull Bay

Animbigoo Zagaigan

Bingwi Neyashi

Biinjitiwabik Zaging

Long Lake 58

Ginoogaming

Constance Lake

Additional References to the History of the Tribe[edit | edit source]

Tribal Headquarters[edit | edit source]

Records[edit | edit source]

Treaties[edit | edit source]

Important Websites[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

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