Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians: Difference between revisions

From FamilySearch Wiki
VisualWikitext
m (Text replacement - "=FS Library book" to "=FS Catalog book")
No edit summary
(27 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{inmn}}  
{{Indians of North America-stub}}  


=== History  ===
== History  ==


It is not known exactly how long the Pembina Chippewa's have lived from northwestern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, northwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. 19th century books and reports about the Pembina Chippewa's are helpful. Historians generally classify the Pembina Chippewa's as being [[Saulteaux Indians]] but history tells of a '''Pembina Chippewa District'''.
==== Brief Timeline  ====


A letter written by Father Belcourt to Major Woods in 1849, described the district of these Chippewa people. Belcourt claimed from Pembina, North Dakota, the Pembina Chippewa District extended around 400 miles from north to south. Belcourt claimed it commenced at the 49th parallel of latitude or the border of Canada and the United States. Belcourt only included the Pembina District land in the United States. Pembina District in the United States, extended from just north of Pembina, North Dakota at the Canadian border, to extreme southeastern South Dakota adjacent to Iowa.  
It is not known exactly how long the Pembina Chippewa's have lived from northwestern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, northwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. 19th century books and reports about the Pembina Chippewa's are helpful. A letter wriiten by Father Belcourt to Major Woods in 1849, described the district of these Chippewa people. Belcourt claimed from Pembina, North Dakota, the Pembina Chippewa District extended around 400 miles from north to south. Belcourt claimed it commenced at the 49th parallel of latitude or the border of Canada and the United States. Belcourt only included the Pembina District land in the United States. Pembina District in the United States, extended from just north of Pembina, North Dakota at the Canadian border, to extreme southeastern South Dakota adjacent to Iowa.  


Belcourt also told Woods that the Pembina Chippewa District extended over 500 miles from east to west, at the height of land where the Mississippi River is in Minnesota. That be the 47th parallel of latitude (the Leech Lake Reservation region). That be from Cass Lake over 500 miles to the west. Probably just southeast of what is now Fort Peck Reservoir. The Pembina Chippewa District bordered the[[Little Shell Band of Chippewa Indians, Montana]] District. These Districts had close ties with the [[Lake Superior Chippewa]]District to their east. The Yellowstone River in Montana may have been the Districts border. To the west was the Little Shell Chippewa District and to the east was the Pembina Chippewa District. Pembina Chippewa land in Canada was located in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, and probably a small area of southeastern Saskatchewan. In the early 20th century, many Pembina Chippewa's who lived in southern Manitoba (St. Peters near Selkirk) were forced to relocate to the north and northeast. That be the Fisher River and Peguis region of Manitoba, and the region east of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. That happened when adhesion's were signed to Treaty 5 on August 24, 1908 (Fisher River) and June 9, 1910 (Deer's Lake). Long before that, however, the Pembina Chippewa's migrated north into northern Manitoba and Nunavut.  
Belcourt also told Woods that the Pembina Chippewa District extended over 500 miles from east to west, at the height of land where the Mississippi River is in Minnesota. That be the 47th parallel of latitude (the Leech Lake Reservation region). That be from Cass Lake over 500 miles to the west. Probably just east of where Lewistown, Montana is. Pembina land in Canada is located in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, and probably a small area of southeastern Saskatchewan. In the early 20th century, many Pembina Chippewa's who lived in southern Manitoba (St. Peters First Nation) were forced to relocate to the north and northeast. That be the Fisher River and Peguis region of Manitoba, and the region east of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. That happened when adhesions were signed to Treaty 5 on August 24, 1908 (Fisher River) and June 9, 1910 (Deer's Lake).  


Historians think the Chippewa's became attracted to the plains in the 18th century. And the fur trade was not as important to the Chippewa's as historians suggest. When the Chippewa's had the opportunity to trade they often did. However, they were prone to keep away from the white trading posts for a good reason. Trading companies knew it and lured the Chippewa's to the trading posts by offering alcohol. Chippewa leaders found it extremely difficult to stop their subjects from visiting the trading posts and were probably forced to use harsh measures to keep them away from the trading posts. All too often it failed.  
Historians think the Chippewa's became attracted to the plains in the 18th century. And the fur trade was not as important to the Chippewa's as historians suggest. When the Chippewa's had the opportunity to trade they often did. However, they were prone to keep away from the white trading posts for a good reason. Trading companies knew it and lured the Chippewa's to the trading posts by offering alcohol. Chippewa leaders found it extremely difficult to stop their subjects from visiting the trading posts and were probably forced to use harsh measures to keep them away from the trading posts. All too often it failed.  
Line 15: Line 15:
Some time in the 18th century, the Pembina Chippewa's had forced their way into the east of South Dakota. They mixed their culture and language with the Lakota people they had subjugated. It is not known when the Pembina Chippewa's reached the Montana region. According to the Chippewa author Peter Jones, the Chippewa's had fought a war in far western Montana (around the Missoula and Bitterroot Valley region) many generations before his time which was the mid 19th century. Jones could only provide those details.  
Some time in the 18th century, the Pembina Chippewa's had forced their way into the east of South Dakota. They mixed their culture and language with the Lakota people they had subjugated. It is not known when the Pembina Chippewa's reached the Montana region. According to the Chippewa author Peter Jones, the Chippewa's had fought a war in far western Montana (around the Missoula and Bitterroot Valley region) many generations before his time which was the mid 19th century. Jones could only provide those details.  


Since Jones wrote the event occurred Many Generations before his time, that may indicate it was a period of more than 100 years. A few generations is maybe about 5. Many generations can actually add up to 10, 20 or even more. However, William W. Warren wrote that the Ojibway people counted one generation as being 40 years. So the Chippewa war in far western Montana, possibly occurred 200 to 400 to 800 years before Jones time which was the mid 19th century. That be anywhere between the 1000s, 1400's and 1600's. And Peter Jones was not the only author to write about the Chippeway's fighting a war in far western Montana.  
Since Jones wrote the event occurred '''Many Generations''' before his time, that may indicate it was a period of more than 100 years. A few generations is maybe about 5. Many generations can actually add up to 10, 20 or even more. However, William W. Warren wrote that the Ojibway people counted one generation as being 40 years. So the Chippewa war in far western Montana, possibly occurred 200 to 400 to 800 years before Jones time which was the mid 19th century. That be anywhere between the 1000s, 1400's and 1600's. And Peter Jones was not the only author to write about the '''Chippeway's fighting a war in far western Montana'''.  


Around the time of the War of 1812, the whites launched an invasion into the south of Manitoba. Pembina Chippeway soldiers defeated and subjugated them. They allowed the whites who had settled in the few white forts and settlements in southern Manitoba, some degree of freedom. Freedom of religion was one and to stay in contact with the whites at the trading posts was another. The Metis people are a part of Pembina Chippewa history.  
Around the time of the War of 1812, the whites launched an invasion into the south of Manitoba. Pembina Chippeway soldiers defeated and subjugated them. They allowed the whites who had settled in the few white forts and settlements in southern Manitoba, some degree of freedom. Freedom of religion was one and to stay in contact with the whites at the trading posts was another. The Metis people are a part of Pembina Chippewa history.  


They liked the lifestyle of the Pembina Chippewa's who frequently hunted for buffalo. They are a mixture of Chippewa and white, or the descendants of the white settlers who invaded southern Manitoba between 1800 and 1820. They would cause problems as the 19th century progressed. The Pembina Chippewa's mixed their culture and language with the whites they subjugated. Much mixing occurred and the Metis were prone to fall for the religion of the whites. The Pembina Chippewa's were liberal about religion but were not stupid. They first allowed the whites to carry on with their religion but sometimes reacted with great rage if the whites appeared to be foolish.  
They liked the lifestyle of the Pembina Chippewa's who frequently hunted for buffalo. They are a mixture of Chippewa and white, or the descendants of the white settlers who invaded southern Manitoba between 1800 and 1820. They would cause problems as the 19th century progressed. The Pembina Chippewa's mixed their culture and language with the whites they subjugated. Much mixing occurred and the Metis were prone to fall for the religion of the whites. The Pembina Chippewa's were liberal about religion but were not stupid. They first allowed the whites to carry on with their religion but sometimes reacted with great rage if the whites appeared to be foolish.<br>


==== Brief Timeline ====
==== Brief History ====


'''1492:'''  
'''15th Century:'''<br>First Pembina Chippewa's are probably living in far western Montana, California,&nbsp; Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and even in British Columbia.


Were probably living in the south of Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. A larger Lake Winnipeg probably existed during those times so the Pembina Chippewa's were probably more at home in northwestern Ontario.
'''16th Century:'''


'''16th century:'''
News about the first white invaders was probably learned of by the Pembina Chippewa's of the western part of North America.


May have had first contact with the whites.  
'''17th Century:'''<br>Contact with the whites may have occurred. It either occurred in western North America, or the Hudson Bay region of Canada. Many Pembina Chippeway soldiers and their families from Montana and Wyoming, are sent to the east and Texas, to help the eastern and Texas Ojibway's fight the white invaders.  


'''17th century:'''  
'''18th Century:'''<br>As the century progressed so did a Chippewa migration to the west. They followed old roads to the Montana region and beyond. They were in frequent contact with white traders. Pembina Chippewa leaders did not like them. They knew the white traders were luring their people to the trade posts by offering alcohol. It caused a great deal of unrest between the Pembina Chippewa leaders and their subjects, who often had to be jailed for not following the rules of their leaders.


They definitely had contact with the whites. Probably from the Hudson Bay region. Pembina Chippeway soldiers were sent east to help fight the whites and their Indian allies.  
'''19th century:'''<br>More contact with the whites increased. By the mid part of the 19th century, the Pembina Chippewa's were at war with the whites. The wars caused heavy Pembina Chippewa casualties. The whites had the revolver, repeating rifle, and machine gun (gatlin gun) by the 1860s. In the late 1860s, the whites who had long been subjugated by the Pembina Chippewa's in the south of Manitoba, rose up and declared their independence. By the mid 1880s the fighting had ended. Reservations were established. Many were also established in northwestern Ontario.


'''18th century:'''
==== Reservations  ====


Though their participation in the wars against the whites was limited, Pembina Chippeway soldiers did participate in those wars. In 1774 (around the time of Lord Dunmore's War or Revolutionary War), the whites commenced to build trading posts inland from Hudson Bay. It agitated the Chippeway's. After the Revolutionary War, an increase in the number of inland trading posts followed. Hudson Bay Company was really searching for the Northwest Passage. After finding it, they commenced to build forts in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories. It caused unrest among the Chippeway's.  
Blackfeet Reservation.  


'''19th century:'''
Cheyenne River-Standing Rock Reservation.


During the War of 1812, the whites launched an invasion to the south of Manitoba. Chippeway soldiers stopped and defeated the whites. They subjugated most until 1869. Wars on the plains of the northern United States and Minnesota, led to large numbers of Pembina Chippewa casualties. Many followed prophecy and fled west. Chief Yellow Quill, who originally lived in southern Manitoba, was instrumental in leading large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's to eastern Saskatchewan. One of chief Yellow Quill's sub-chiefs named Kinistin, led large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's north to the Barren Lands (Caribou Land) of Manitoba, northeastern Saskatchewan, and Nunavut. Chiefs James and John Smith, led large numbers of Pembina Chippewa's from the St. Peters region in southern Manitoba, to Saskatchewan. Many Pembina Chippewa's were led into Montana by chief Sitting Bull. Chief Sitting Bull was born and raised among the Red River Chippewa's, or was Pembina Chippewa.  
Couer d'Alene Reservation.  


==== Reservations  ====
Crow-Northern Cheyenne Reservation.
 
Crow Creek-Lower Brule Reservation.


Cheyenne River-Standing Rock Reservation.  
Flathead Reservation.  


Crow Creek-Lower Brule Reservation.  
Fort Belknap Reservation.  


Fort Berthold Reservation.  
Fort Berthold Reservation.  


Fort Peck Reservation (Possibly not).  
Fort Peck Reservation.  


Fort Totten Reservation.  
Fort Totten Reservation.  
Line 58: Line 60:


Leech Lake Reservation.  
Leech Lake Reservation.  
Mille Lacs Reservation.


Pine Ridge-Rosebud Reservation.  
Pine Ridge-Rosebud Reservation.  


Red Lake Reservation.  
Red Lake Reservation.  
Rocky Boy Reservation.


Turtle Mountain Reservation.  
Turtle Mountain Reservation.  
Line 67: Line 73:
White Earth Reservation.  
White Earth Reservation.  


Barren Lands
Wind River Reservation.  
 
Berens River  
 
Big Grassy
 
Birdtail Sioux
 
Bloodvein
 
Brokenhead
 
Buffalo Point
 
Canupawakpa
 
Chemawawin
 
Cote-Keeseekoose
 
Crane River (O-chi-chak-ko-sip-pi)
 
Cross Lake
 
Cumberland House
 
Dakota Plains
 
Dakota Tipi
 
Dauphin River
 
Deer Lake
 
Ebb and Flow
 
Fairford (Pinaymootang)
 
Fisher River
 
Fishing Lake
 
Fox Lake
 
Gamblers
 
God's Lake
 
God's River (Manto Sipi)
 
Grassy Narrows
 
Hollow Water
 
Island Lake (Garden Hill, Red Sucker Lake, St. Theresa Point, and Wasagamack)
 
Iskatewizaagegan
 
James Smith
 
Keeseekoowenin
 
Key
 
Kinistin
 
Kinonjeoshtegon (aka Jackhead)
 
Lake Manitoba
 
Lake St. Martin
 
Little Black River
 
Little Grand Rapids
 
Little Saskatchewan
 
Long Plain
 
Marcel Colomb


Mathias Colomb
Berens River Reserve.


Mosakahiken
Birdtail Sioux Reserve.


Muskoday
Bloodvein Reserve.


Naongashiing
Brokenhead Reserve.


Naotkamegwaning
Buffalo Point Reserve.


Nelson House (Nisichawayasihk)
Canupawakpa Reserve.


Northlands
Cote-Keeseekoose Reserve.


Northwest Angle No. 33
Crane River (O-chi-chak-ko-sip-pi) Reserve.  


Northwest Angle No. 37
Crooked Lakes Reserve.  


Norway House
Cross Lake Reserve.


Obashkaandagaang
Dakota Plains Reserve.


Ocean Man
Dakota Tipi Reserve.


Ochiichagwe'babigo'ining
Dauphin River Reserve.


Onigaming
Ebb and Flow Reserve.


O-Pipon-Na-Piwin
Fairford (Pinaymootang) Reserve.


Opaskweyak
Fisher River Reserve.


Oxford House (Bunibonibee)
Gamblers Reserve.


Pauingassi
God's Lake Reserve.


Peguis
God's River Reserve.


Peter Ballantyne
Grand Rapids Reserve.


Pheasant Rump
Hollow Water Reserve.


Pikangikum
Island Lakes Reserves (Garden Hill, Red Sucker Lake, St. Theresa Point, and Wasagamack).


Pine Creek
Keeseekoowenin Reserve.


Poplar Hill
Key Reserve.


Poplar River
Kinonjeoshtegon (aka Jackhead) Reserve.


Red Earth
Lake Manitoba Reserve.


Rolling River
Lake St. Martin Reserve.


Roseau River  
Little Black River Reserve.


Sachigo Lake
Little Grand Rapids Reserve.


Sagkeeng (Fort Alexander)
Little Saskatchewan Reserve.


Sandy Bay
Long Plains Reserve.


Sandy Lake
Nekaneet Reserve.


Sapotaweyak
Norway House Reserve.


Sayisi Dene
Ocean Man Reserve.


Shamattawa
Qu' Appelle Reserve.


Shoal Lake No. 40
Pauingassi Reserve.  


Sioux Valley
Peguis Reserve.


Skownan
Pheasant Rump Reserve.


Swan Lake
Pine Creek Reserve.


Tataskweyak
Poplar River Reserve.


Tootinawaziibeeng
Rolling River Reserve.


Wabaseemoong
Roseau River Reserve.


Wabauskang
Sagkeeng (Fort Alexander) Reserve.


War Lake
Sandy Bay Reserve.


Waterhen
Sioux Valley Reserve.


Wauzhushk Onigum
Swan Lake Reserve.


Waywayseecappo
Tootinawaziibeeng Reserve.


White Bear 
Waterhen Reserve.


Wuskwi Sipihk
Waywayseecappo Reserve.


Yellow Quill
White Bear Reserve.


York Factory
Wood Mountain Reserve.<br>


==== Additional References to the History of the Tribe  ====
==== Additional References to the History of the Tribe  ====


=== Tribal Headquarters  ===
== Tribal Headquarters  ==
 
=== Records  ===


The '''majority of records of individuals were those created by the agencies'''. Some records may be available to tribal members through the tribal headquarters.They were (and are) the local office of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and were charged with maintaining records of the activities of those under their responsibility. Among these records are:<br>
== Records ==
 
*[[American Indian Allotment Records|Allotment records]]
*[[American Indian Annuity Rolls|Annuity rolls]]
*[[American Indian Census Rolls|Census records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Correspondence]]
*[[American Indian Health Records|Health records]]
*[[American Indian Correspondence and Reports|Reports]]
*[[American Indian School Records|School census and records]]
*[[American Indian Vital Records Supplements in Census Rolls|Vital records]]


==== Treaties  ====
==== Treaties  ====


=== Important Websites  ===
== Important Websites  ==
 
[http://www.ndstudies.org/resources/IndianStudies/turtlemountain/historical_move.html www.ndstudies.org/resources/IndianStudies/turtlemountain/historical_move.html] Father Belcourt
 
[http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/kinistino_first_nation.html esask.uregina.ca/entry/kinistino_first_nation.html] Chiefs Kinistin
 
[http://fishinglakefirstnation.com/History/history2.html fishinglakefirstnation.com/History/history2.html] Chief Yellow Quill


=== References  ===
== References  ==


<references />  
<references />  
Line 286: Line 195:
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75], Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.  
*[http://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/075.html Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75], Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.  
*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/ Available online].  
*Hodge, Frederick Webb. ''Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico''. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/ Available online].  
*Klein, Barry T., ed. ''Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian''. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317923332?referer=list_view WorldCat 317923332]; {{FSC|1122745|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 R259e}}.  
*Klein, Barry T., ed. ''Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian''. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317923332?referer=list_view WorldCat 317923332]; {{FHL|1122745|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 R259e}}.  
*Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=no:037475188 WorldCat 37475188]; {{FSC|831087|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 G131g}}.
*Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=no:037475188 WorldCat 37475188]; {{FHL|831087|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 G131g}}.


:Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean  
:Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean  
Line 299: Line 208:
:Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234303751&referer=brief_results WorldCat 234303751]<br>  
:Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234303751&referer=brief_results WorldCat 234303751]<br>  
:Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255572371&referer=brief_results WorldCat 255572371]<br>  
:Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/255572371&referer=brief_results WorldCat 255572371]<br>  
:Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19331914&referer=brief_results WorldCat 19331914]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.4}}.<br>  
:Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/19331914&referer=brief_results WorldCat 19331914]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.4}}.<br>  
:Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/299653808&referer=brief_results WorldCat 299653808]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.5}}.<br>  
:Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/299653808&referer=brief_results WorldCat 299653808]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.5}}.<br>  
:Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247493742&referer=brief_results WorldCat 247493742]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.6}}.<br>  
:Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247493742&referer=brief_results WorldCat 247493742]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.6}}.<br>  
:Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247493311&referer=brief_results WorldCat 247493311]<br>  
:Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/247493311&referer=brief_results WorldCat 247493311]<br>  
:Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13240086&referer=brief_results WorldCat 13240086]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.8}}.<br>  
:Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13240086&referer=brief_results WorldCat 13240086]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.8}}.<br>  
:Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26140053&referer=brief_results WorldCat 26140053]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.9}}.<br>  
:Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/26140053&referer=brief_results WorldCat 26140053]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.9}}.<br>  
:Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301504096&referer=brief_results WorldCat 301504096]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.10}}.  
:Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/301504096&referer=brief_results WorldCat 301504096]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.10}}.  
:Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256516416&referer=brief_results WorldCat 256516416]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.11}}.<br>  
:Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256516416&referer=brief_results WorldCat 256516416]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.11}}.<br>  
:Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39401371&referer=brief_results WorldCat 39401371]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.12}}.<br>  
:Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39401371&referer=brief_results WorldCat 39401371]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.12}}.<br>  
:Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48209643&referer=brief_results WorldCat 48209643]<br>  
:Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48209643&referer=brief_results WorldCat 48209643]<br>  
:Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254277176&referer=brief_results WorldCat 254277176]  
:Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/254277176&referer=brief_results WorldCat 254277176]  
:Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256517503&referer=brief_results WorldCat 356517503]; {{FSC|248632|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 H191h v.15}}.<br>  
:Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/256517503&referer=brief_results WorldCat 356517503]; {{FHL|248632|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 H191h v.15}}.<br>  
:Volume 16 -- Not yet published  
:Volume 16 -- Not yet published  
:Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43957746&referer=brief_results WorldCat 43957746]<br>  
:Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43957746&referer=brief_results WorldCat 43957746]<br>  
Line 318: Line 227:


*Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/indianlocation.htm Available online].  
*Swanton John R. ''The Indian Tribes of North America''. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin #145 [http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/indianlocation.htm Available online].  
*Waldman, Carl. ''Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes''. New York, New York: Facts on File, 2006. 3rd ed. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14718193?referer=list_view WorldCat 14718193]; {{FSC|1465222|title-id|disp=FS Catalog book 970.1 W146e 2006}}.
*Waldman, Carl. ''Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes''. New York, New York: Facts on File, 2006. 3rd ed. [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/14718193?referer=list_view WorldCat 14718193]; {{FHL|1465222|title-id|disp=FHL book 970.1 W146e 2006}}.


[[Category:Indigenous Tribes of the United States]]
[[Category:Indian_Tribes_of_the_United_States]]

Revision as of 00:49, 3 July 2013

Template:Indians of North America-stub

History[edit | edit source]

Brief Timeline[edit | edit source]

It is not known exactly how long the Pembina Chippewa's have lived from northwestern Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, northwestern Ontario, southern Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. 19th century books and reports about the Pembina Chippewa's are helpful. A letter wriiten by Father Belcourt to Major Woods in 1849, described the district of these Chippewa people. Belcourt claimed from Pembina, North Dakota, the Pembina Chippewa District extended around 400 miles from north to south. Belcourt claimed it commenced at the 49th parallel of latitude or the border of Canada and the United States. Belcourt only included the Pembina District land in the United States. Pembina District in the United States, extended from just north of Pembina, North Dakota at the Canadian border, to extreme southeastern South Dakota adjacent to Iowa.

Belcourt also told Woods that the Pembina Chippewa District extended over 500 miles from east to west, at the height of land where the Mississippi River is in Minnesota. That be the 47th parallel of latitude (the Leech Lake Reservation region). That be from Cass Lake over 500 miles to the west. Probably just east of where Lewistown, Montana is. Pembina land in Canada is located in northwestern Ontario, Manitoba, and probably a small area of southeastern Saskatchewan. In the early 20th century, many Pembina Chippewa's who lived in southern Manitoba (St. Peters First Nation) were forced to relocate to the north and northeast. That be the Fisher River and Peguis region of Manitoba, and the region east of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba and northwestern Ontario. That happened when adhesions were signed to Treaty 5 on August 24, 1908 (Fisher River) and June 9, 1910 (Deer's Lake).

Historians think the Chippewa's became attracted to the plains in the 18th century. And the fur trade was not as important to the Chippewa's as historians suggest. When the Chippewa's had the opportunity to trade they often did. However, they were prone to keep away from the white trading posts for a good reason. Trading companies knew it and lured the Chippewa's to the trading posts by offering alcohol. Chippewa leaders found it extremely difficult to stop their subjects from visiting the trading posts and were probably forced to use harsh measures to keep them away from the trading posts. All too often it failed.

By the late 18th century, the Pembina Chippewa's were living in the Devil's Lake region of North Dakota and also the Turtle Mountains region of North Dakota and Manitoba. To the south of Devil's Lake, the Lakota, who had yet to be subjugated by the Pembina Chippewa's, used the guns they received from white trading posts to attack the Pembina Chippewa's. At the time the Chippewa soldiers could easily defeat the Lakota using only bows and arrows. The single shot musket guns were no match. Some Lakota people were always capable of not being subjugated by the Chippewa's. They tended to keep their villages located near white trading posts.

Some time in the 18th century, the Pembina Chippewa's had forced their way into the east of South Dakota. They mixed their culture and language with the Lakota people they had subjugated. It is not known when the Pembina Chippewa's reached the Montana region. According to the Chippewa author Peter Jones, the Chippewa's had fought a war in far western Montana (around the Missoula and Bitterroot Valley region) many generations before his time which was the mid 19th century. Jones could only provide those details.

Since Jones wrote the event occurred Many Generations before his time, that may indicate it was a period of more than 100 years. A few generations is maybe about 5. Many generations can actually add up to 10, 20 or even more. However, William W. Warren wrote that the Ojibway people counted one generation as being 40 years. So the Chippewa war in far western Montana, possibly occurred 200 to 400 to 800 years before Jones time which was the mid 19th century. That be anywhere between the 1000s, 1400's and 1600's. And Peter Jones was not the only author to write about the Chippeway's fighting a war in far western Montana.

Around the time of the War of 1812, the whites launched an invasion into the south of Manitoba. Pembina Chippeway soldiers defeated and subjugated them. They allowed the whites who had settled in the few white forts and settlements in southern Manitoba, some degree of freedom. Freedom of religion was one and to stay in contact with the whites at the trading posts was another. The Metis people are a part of Pembina Chippewa history.

They liked the lifestyle of the Pembina Chippewa's who frequently hunted for buffalo. They are a mixture of Chippewa and white, or the descendants of the white settlers who invaded southern Manitoba between 1800 and 1820. They would cause problems as the 19th century progressed. The Pembina Chippewa's mixed their culture and language with the whites they subjugated. Much mixing occurred and the Metis were prone to fall for the religion of the whites. The Pembina Chippewa's were liberal about religion but were not stupid. They first allowed the whites to carry on with their religion but sometimes reacted with great rage if the whites appeared to be foolish.

Brief History[edit | edit source]

15th Century:
First Pembina Chippewa's are probably living in far western Montana, California,  Idaho, Oregon, Washington, and even in British Columbia.

16th Century:

News about the first white invaders was probably learned of by the Pembina Chippewa's of the western part of North America.

17th Century:
Contact with the whites may have occurred. It either occurred in western North America, or the Hudson Bay region of Canada. Many Pembina Chippeway soldiers and their families from Montana and Wyoming, are sent to the east and Texas, to help the eastern and Texas Ojibway's fight the white invaders.

18th Century:
As the century progressed so did a Chippewa migration to the west. They followed old roads to the Montana region and beyond. They were in frequent contact with white traders. Pembina Chippewa leaders did not like them. They knew the white traders were luring their people to the trade posts by offering alcohol. It caused a great deal of unrest between the Pembina Chippewa leaders and their subjects, who often had to be jailed for not following the rules of their leaders.

19th century:
More contact with the whites increased. By the mid part of the 19th century, the Pembina Chippewa's were at war with the whites. The wars caused heavy Pembina Chippewa casualties. The whites had the revolver, repeating rifle, and machine gun (gatlin gun) by the 1860s. In the late 1860s, the whites who had long been subjugated by the Pembina Chippewa's in the south of Manitoba, rose up and declared their independence. By the mid 1880s the fighting had ended. Reservations were established. Many were also established in northwestern Ontario.

Reservations[edit | edit source]

Blackfeet Reservation.

Cheyenne River-Standing Rock Reservation.

Couer d'Alene Reservation.

Crow-Northern Cheyenne Reservation.

Crow Creek-Lower Brule Reservation.

Flathead Reservation.

Fort Belknap Reservation.

Fort Berthold Reservation.

Fort Peck Reservation.

Fort Totten Reservation.

Lake Traverse Reservation.

Leech Lake Reservation.

Mille Lacs Reservation.

Pine Ridge-Rosebud Reservation.

Red Lake Reservation.

Rocky Boy Reservation.

Turtle Mountain Reservation.

White Earth Reservation.

Wind River Reservation.

Berens River Reserve.

Birdtail Sioux Reserve.

Bloodvein Reserve.

Brokenhead Reserve.

Buffalo Point Reserve.

Canupawakpa Reserve.

Cote-Keeseekoose Reserve.

Crane River (O-chi-chak-ko-sip-pi) Reserve.

Crooked Lakes Reserve.

Cross Lake Reserve.

Dakota Plains Reserve.

Dakota Tipi Reserve.

Dauphin River Reserve.

Ebb and Flow Reserve.

Fairford (Pinaymootang) Reserve.

Fisher River Reserve.

Gamblers Reserve.

God's Lake Reserve.

God's River Reserve.

Grand Rapids Reserve.

Hollow Water Reserve.

Island Lakes Reserves (Garden Hill, Red Sucker Lake, St. Theresa Point, and Wasagamack).

Keeseekoowenin Reserve.

Key Reserve.

Kinonjeoshtegon (aka Jackhead) Reserve.

Lake Manitoba Reserve.

Lake St. Martin Reserve.

Little Black River Reserve.

Little Grand Rapids Reserve.

Little Saskatchewan Reserve.

Long Plains Reserve.

Nekaneet Reserve.

Norway House Reserve.

Ocean Man Reserve.

Qu' Appelle Reserve.

Pauingassi Reserve.

Peguis Reserve.

Pheasant Rump Reserve.

Pine Creek Reserve.

Poplar River Reserve.

Rolling River Reserve.

Roseau River Reserve.

Sagkeeng (Fort Alexander) Reserve.

Sandy Bay Reserve.

Sioux Valley Reserve.

Swan Lake Reserve.

Tootinawaziibeeng Reserve.

Waterhen Reserve.

Waywayseecappo Reserve.

White Bear Reserve.

Wood Mountain Reserve.

Additional References to the History of the Tribe[edit | edit source]

Tribal Headquarters[edit | edit source]

Records[edit | edit source]

Treaties[edit | edit source]

Important Websites[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]


Bibliography[edit | edit source]

  • Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives; Record Group 75, Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
  • Hodge, Frederick Webb. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1906 Available online.
  • Klein, Barry T., ed. Reference Encyclopedia of the American Indian. Nyack, New York: Todd Publications, 2009. 10th ed. WorldCat 317923332; FHL book 970.1 R259e.
  • Malinowski, Sharon and Sheets, Anna, eds. The Gale Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes. Detroit: Gale Publishing, 1998. 4 volumes. Includes: Lists of Federally Recognized Tribes for U.S., Alaska, and Canada – pp. 513-529 Alphabetical Listing of Tribes, with reference to volume and page in this series Map of “Historic Locations of U.S. Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Canadian Native Groups” Map of “Historic Locations of Mexican, Hawaiian and Caribbean Native Groups” Maps of “State and Federally Recognized U.S. Indian Reservations. WorldCat 37475188; FHL book 970.1 G131g.
Vol. 1 -- Northeast, Southeast, Caribbean
Vol. 2 -- Great Basin, Southwest, Middle America
Vol. 3 -- Arctic, Subarctic, Great Plains, Plateau
Vol. 4 -- California, Pacific Northwest, Pacific Islands
  • Sturtevant, William C. Handbook of North American Indians. 20 vols., some not yet published. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1978– .
Volume 1 -- Not yet published
Volume 2 -- Indians in Contemporary Society (pub. 2008) -- WorldCat 234303751
Volume 3 -- Environment, Origins, and Population (pub. 2006) -- WorldCat 255572371
Volume 4 -- History of Indian-White Relations (pub. 1988) -- WorldCat 19331914; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.4.
Volume 5 -- Arctic (pub. 1984) -- WorldCat 299653808; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.5.
Volume 6 -- Subarctic (pub. 1981) -- WorldCat 247493742; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.6.
Volume 7 -- Northwest Coast (pub. 1990) -- WorldCat 247493311
Volume 8 -- California (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 13240086; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.8.
Volume 9 -- Southwest (pub. 1979) -- WorldCat 26140053; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.9.
Volume 10 -- Southwest (pub. 1983) -- WorldCat 301504096; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.10.
Volume 11 -- Great Basin (pub. 1986) -- WorldCat 256516416; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.11.
Volume 12 -- Plateau (pub. 1998) -- WorldCat 39401371; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.12.
Volume 13 -- Plains, 2 vols. (pub. 2001) -- WorldCat 48209643
Volume 14 -- Southeast (pub. 2004) -- WorldCat 254277176
Volume 15 -- Northwest (pub. 1978) -- WorldCat 356517503; FHL book 970.1 H191h v.15.
Volume 16 -- Not yet published
Volume 17 -- Languages (pub. 1996) -- WorldCat 43957746
Volume 18 -- Not yet published
Volume 19 -- Not yet published
Volume 20 -- Not yet published
Retrieved from "https://integration-ru.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=Pembina_Band_of_Chippewa_Indians&oldid=1391797"