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{{breadcrumb | link1=[[Nepal Genealogy|Nepal]] | link2= | link3= | link4= | link5=[[Nepal Languages|Languages]] }} ==Description== All languages spoken as the mother tongues in Nepal are the languages of the nation. Many of the languages also have various dialects.<br> The 2011 National census lists 123 languages spoken as a mother tongue (first language) in Nepal.<br> The official working language at federal level is Nepali, but the constitution provisions each province to choose one or more additional official working languages. A total of 14 official languages have been designated. <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages with official status in Nepal," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_Nepal, accessed 11 Apr 2022.</ref> According to the 2011 national census, the number of native speakers per spoken language is as follows: <ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Languages_of_Nepal," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal#:~:text=Languages%20in%20Nepal%20by%20numbers%20of%20speakers, accessed 11 Apr 2022.</ref> * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_language '''Nepali''' language] - 44.64% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_language '''Maithili''' language] - 11.67% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language '''Bhojpuri''' language] - 5.98% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharu_languages '''Tharu''' languages] - 5.77% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_language '''Newar''' language] - also known as '''Newari''' and '''Nepal Bhasa''' - 3.20% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajjika '''Bajjika''' language] - 2.99% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language '''Magar''' language] - 2.98% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doteli '''Doteli''' language] - also known as '''Dotyali''' - 2.97% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu '''Urdu''' language] - 2.61% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_language '''Awadhi''' language] - 1.89% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language '''Limbu''' language] - 1.30% * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurung_language '''Gurung''' language] - 1.23% ==Word List(s)== * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/nepali.php Useful phrases in Nepali] - Omniglot * [https://omniglot.com/language/kinship/nepali.htm Family words in Nepali] - Omniglot * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/maithili.php Useful phrases in Maithili] - Omniglot * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/bhojpuri.php Useful phrases in Bhojpuri] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language#:~:text=Common%20phrases Bhojpuri Common phrases] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/newari.htm Useful phrases in Newar] - Omniglot * [https://omniglot.com/language/phrases/urdu.php Useful Urdu phrases] - Omniglot ==Alphabet and Pronunciation== '''Alphabet''' * [https://omniglot.com/writing/nepali.htm#:~:text=alphabet%20for%20Nepali Alphabet for Nepali] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_phonology Nepali Vowels and Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/writing/maithili.htm#:~:text=alphabet%20for%20Maithili Alphabet for Maithili] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_language#:~:text=Phonology Maithili Vowels and Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/writing/bhojpuri.htm#:~:text=alphabet%20for%20Bhojpuri Alphabet for Bhojpuri] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language#:~:text=Phonology Bhojpuri Vowels & Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamang_language#:~:text=Phonology Tamang Vowels & Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/writing/newar.htm#:~:text=script%20for%20Newar Script for Newar] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newar_language#:~:text=Phonology Newar Vowels & Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/writing/magar.htm#:~:text=Magar%20alphabet Magar alphabet] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magar_language#:~:text=Phonology Magar Vowels & Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/writing/doteli.htm#:~:text=alphabet%20for%20Doteli Alphabet for Doteli] - Omniglot * [https://omniglot.com/writing/urdu.htm Alphabet for Urdu] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu#:~:text=Phonology Urdu Vowels & Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/writing/awadhi.htm#:~:text=Awadhi%20alphabet Awadhi alphabet] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_language#:~:text=Phonology Awadhi Vowels & Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/writing/limbu.htm#:~:text=alphabet%20for%20Limbu Alphabet for Limbu] - Omniglot * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbu_language#:~:text=Phonology Limbu Vowels & Consonants] - Wikipedia * [https://omniglot.com/writing/gurung.htm#:~:text=alphabet%20for%20Gurung Alphabet for Gurung] - Omniglot '''Pronunciation''' * [https://omniglot.com/writing/magar.htm#:~:text=pronunciation Magar pronunciation] - Omniglot * [https://omniglot.com/writing/awadhi.htm#:~:text=pronunciation Awadhi pronunciation] - Omniglot ==Language Aids and Dictionaries== '''Dictionaries''' * Raj, Prakash A. ''Nepali practical dictionary : Nepali-English, English-Nepali.'' New York: Hippocrene Books, Inc, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/937841806 WorldCat]. * Sresthacharya, Iswaranand. ''A concise dictionary, Newar-English.'' Kathmandu, Nepal: Pilgrims Book House, 1995. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/35151467 WorldCat]. * Kölver, Ulrike and Ishwaranand Shresthacarya. ''A dictionary of contemporary Newari Newari - English.'' Verl, Bonn: VGH-Wiss, 1994. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/311968187 WorldCat]. * Tuladhar, Kamal. ''English-Nepal Bhasa dictionary.'' Kathmandu: J.R. Tuladhar, 2003. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/52845720 WorldCat]. * Ḥaqqī, Shānulḥaq. ''Oxford English- Urdu dictionary.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/60865209 WorldCat]. * Tumbāhāṅphe, Gambhīradhoja. ''Limbu-English-Nepali dictionary.'' Limbuvāna: Limbuvāna Adhyayana Kendra, 2015. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1036775890 WorldCat]. * Glover, Warren William, Deu Bahadur Gurung, and Jessie R. Glover. ''Gurung-Nepali-English dictionary : with English-Gurung and Nepali-Gurung indexes.'' Australian Nat. Univ, Canberra: Dep. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, 1977. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/251725250 WorldCat]. '''Online Dictionaries''' * [https://glosbe.com/en/ne Dictionary English - Nepali] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/en/mai Dictionary English - Maithili] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/en/bho Dictionary English - Bhojpuri] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/en/thl Dictionary English - Dangaura Tharu] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/en/new Dictionary English - Newari] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/en/mgp Dictionary English - Eastern Magar] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/en/dty Dictionary English - Dotyali] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/en/ur Dictionary English - Urdu] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/awa/en Dictionary Awadhi - English] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/lif/en Dictionary Limbu - English] - Glosbe * [https://glosbe.com/en/gvr Dictionary English - Gurung] - Glosbe '''Language Aids''' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepali_grammar Nepali grammar] - Wikipedia * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maithili_grammar Maithili grammar] - Wikipedia * Manders, Christopher Jay. ''A foundation in Nepali grammar.'' Bloomington: AuthorHouse, 2007. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/220418549 WorldCat]. * Yadav, Ramawatar. ''A reference grammar of Maithili.'' Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1996. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/32970826 WorldCat]. * Shukla, Shaligram. ''Bhojpuri grammar.'' Washington: Georgetown univ. Press, 1981. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/610913098 WorldCat]. * Dahita, Gopāla. ''Tharu grammar.'' Kendriya Pariyojanā Kāryālaya, Bardiyā: Yunika Nepāla, 2013. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/858914667 WorldCat]. * Young, David James. ''Urdu grammar.'' California: Createspace, 2014. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1257976630 WorldCat]. * Tumbāhāṅa, Govindabahādura and Nepāla ra Eśiyālī Anusandhāna Kendra. ''A grammar of Limbu.'' Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu: Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, 2011. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/812120466 WorldCat]. * HILDEBRANDT, KRISTINE A. ''GRAMMAR OF GURUNG.'' n.p.: DE GRUYTER MOUTON, 2019. '''''Available at:''''' [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1053998592 WorldCat]. ==Additional Resources== == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Nepal]]